1
Q
What is a cell?
A
A cell is the smallest living functional unit of an organism.
2
Q
What are cells composed of?
A
Living cells are
composed of approximately 60% water and vary in size and shape.
3
Q
How is a red blood cell shaped?
A
Disc shaped. Biconcave discs.
4
Q
how is a nerve cell shaped?
A
whereas nerve cells can be very long and have extensions on their main
body.
5
Q
What does the nucleus do?
A
The nucleus contains the genetic information, or DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and controls
the activities of the cell.
6
Q
What is the plasma cell membrane?
A
The plasma (or cell) membrane is known as a semipermeable membrane that separates the contents of the cell from the surrounding fluid
7
Q
What does the interstitial fluid contain?
A
The interstitial fluid contains substances such as amino acids, sugars, fatty acids,
hormones, neurotransmitters, and salts
8
Q
What does selectively permeable mean?
A
The term, selectively permeable (semipermeable),
refers to the selective nature of the plasma membrane. It contains pores and channels that
allow only particles of the right size or the right chemical nature to pass through. Additionally,
the plasma membrane contains receptors that bind with specific substances, thus allowing for
special entry or signals the cell to perform a certain activity.
9
Q
What is the cytoplasm?
A
The cytoplasm is the fluid matrix found between the plasma membrane and the nucleus that
acts as scaffolding for the organelles.
10
Q
What are the organelles
A
Organelles, or “little organs,” are specialized units in the
cell that perform certain functions.
11
Q
What are the mitochondria?
A
The mitochondria are the locations for cellular respiration
or the conversion of food to energy at the cellular level. Thus the mitochondria are the sites of
energy production and of most of its ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which is a chemical the
cell uses to store and transfer energy within itself
12
Q
What are ribosomes?
A
Ribosomes are the sites of protein
synthesis in the cell.
13
Q
What does the rough ER do?
A
Rough ER, named for the fact that it has ribosomes on its surface,
serves to store and deliver the proteins made by the attached ribosomes.
14
Q
What does the smooth ER do?
A
Smooth ER is free of
ribosomes and is found in a variety of cells. It performs varying functions in different cells,
including the storage of enzymes and minerals and the folding of proteins. It is thought to be
involved in the detoxification of chemicals and the metabolism of fats.
15
Q
What does the golgi complex do?
A
The Golgi complex
modifies and packages proteins destined for use in the cell or for export from the cell.
16
Q
What do lysosomes do?
A
Lysosomes are sacs that contain strong digestive enzymes. These sacs are responsible for
digesting waste and cell structures that are malfunctioning or dead.
17
Q
How can plant cells be distinguished from animal cells?
A
Plant cells can be distinguished from animal plants by the presence of a surrounding cell wall
and chloroplasts.
18
Q
What does the cell wall do?
A
The cell wall is essential for protection of the cell, the maintenance of the
shape, and water balance.
19
Q
What are chloroplasts?
A
Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, which is necessary for
photosynthesis
20
Q
What are vacuoles?
A
Plant cells also often have large vacuoles, which are compartments in the
cytoplasm that act as places for secretion, excretion, and storage
21
Q
Why do cells divide?
A
Cells divide for a number of reasons: growth, repair, and the production of gametes (sperm or
egg cells).
22
Q
What is the most important part of cell division?
A
The most important result of cell division is that the genetic material, DNA, is
transmitted to the offspring.
23
Q
What is chromatin?
A
When a cell is not dividing, DNA is found in the form of loosely structured
chromatin,
24
Q
What is chromosomes?
A
but when a cell is dividing, the DNA is seen in condensed rod-shaped bodies
called chromosomes.
25
What is mitosis?
When cells divide, the appropriate amount of genetic material must be passed on to the new
daughter cells. In somatic (non-reproductive) cells, the new cells are identical copies of the
parent cells. This is achieved by a doubling of the chromosomes prior to division. This type of
cell division is referred to as mitosis, and it is useful in the growth and repair of our bodies.
26
What are gametes?
These reproductive cells contain half
of the normal number of chromosomes so that the zygote, the cell created by the union of a
sperm and egg, contains a full set of chromosomes, half from each parent.
27
What is meiosis?
This type of
division, or meiosis, consists first of a doubling of chromosomes and then two subsequent
divisions. Thus the products are four daughter cells, each with half the normal number of
chromosomes.
28
What is an organ?
Various tissues are combined into an organ, which performs a specialized function in the
body
29
What are the types of muscle tissues?
(skeletal, cardiac, and smooth)
30
What are the types of nervous tissue?
Neurons
31
What are the types of epithelial tissue?
(skin, the lining of organs)
32
What are the types of connective tissue?
(cartilage, blood, fat, bone)
33
What is an organ system?
organ system, which is made up of a number of organs
| working together to carry out a major function
34
What is an organism?
The highest level of organization is the organism itself, such as the human body.
35
What is evolution?
In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection,
which presented evidence for evolution, a theory regarding the processes that have produced
the biological diversity we see today
36
What is natural selection?
. evolution occurs by means of natural selection, the process by which the traits that
promote or enhance an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce are passed on to
following generations.
37
What is adaption?
In this struggle, the individuals best suited to their environment survive (“survival of the fittest”)
and pass on those traits to their offspring. This is called adaptation, the evolutionary process
of an organism to survive in a given environment.
38
Why does natural selection occur?
For natural selection to occur, organisms must have variations, some of which give the
individuals having them an advantage in the struggle for survival. The struggle for survival
occurs because each generation of a species produces more offspring than can survive.
39
What is the fossil record?
There is evidence supporting the theory of evolution, such as the fossil record, which consists
of remnants or traces of organisms from past geologic ages
40
What are vertebraes?
vertebrates (animals with backbones)
41
What is biogeography ?
(the geographical distribution of plants and animals),
42
What is comparative anatomy?
The comparison of organisms structures.
43
What is comparative embryology? the comparison of organisms’ embryos
the comparison of organisms’ embryos
44
What is molecular biology?
Biology at the molecular level
45
What is taxonomy?
```
In taxonomy (the study of scientific classification), taxonomists group
species according to their similarities and differences. They are classified in a hierarchical
system in which each level is more specific than the one above it
```
46
What are kingdoms?
The broadest units of
| classification are the kingdoms,
47
What are the kingdoms?
of which there are five: animal, plant, monera (bacteria),
protist (protozoa, algae, and some molds), and fungi (molds, mushrooms, yeasts, and the
like)
48
What are the classifications used to identify an organism?
The next six classifications become increasingly specific: phylum, class, order, family,
genus, and species.
49
What is active transport?
Active transport involves the use of energy in the form of ATP to move
substances across the membrane
50
What is passive transport?
Passive transport does not require energy and makes use
| of diffusion and filtration.
51
What is diffusion?
In diffusion, particles move in a random manner, spreading evenly
throughout an available space and moving from regions of high concentration to those of low
concentration
52
What is osmosis?
```
A specific type of diffusion is that of water, or osmosis. Water moves from an area of high
water concentration (or low particle concentration) to an area of low water concentration (high
particle concentration)
```
53
What is isotonic?
When the solute concentration of the water is
the same as that inside the cell, the solution is said to be isotonic. Thus, the amount of water
that leaves the cell and the amount that enters it are equal.
54
What is hypertonic?
When the solute is more
| concentrated outside the cell than inside it, the solution is hypertonic. As a result, the cell shrinks.
55
What is hypotonic?
If the solute concentration outside, the cell
is lower than that inside the cell, the solution is hypotonic. Water flows into the cell (again
high-water/ low-particle concentration to low-water/high-particle concentration). If the flow
continues long enough, the cell bursts
56
What is filtration?
Filtration is the movement of water and solutes through the membrane by fluid, or hydrostatic,
pressure.
57
What are autotrophs?
Autotrophs are organisms that produce their own food from inorganic substances (i.e. plants)
58
What are heterotrophs?
Heterotrophs, or consumers, on the other hand, obtain their food by consuming plants or
other animals.
59
What are secondary consumers?
Secondary consumers are carnivores (meat eaters) or omnivores that eat
herbivores.
60
What are herbivores?
Plant eaters
61
What are omnivores?
Plant and meat eaters
62
What are carnivores?
meat eaters
63
What are tertiary consumers
Tertiary consumers are carnivores that eat other carnivores or omnivores.
64
What are primary consumers?
Herbivores, omnivores.
65
What are the trophic levels of an ecosystem?
These divisions, which are made on the basis of how the organism meets its nutritional needs,
make up the trophic levels of an ecosystem.
66
What are the producers?
The autotrophs are the most important trophic
| level in the ecosystem and are known as producers;
67
What is a food chain/food web?
The path along which food is transferred from level to level is called a food chain, and the interrelationship of many food chains is called a food web.
68
What are the functions of the decomposers/what are they?
An important role in an ecosystem is played by the decomposers, such as bacteria and fungi,
which consume nonliving organic material and release inorganic material.
69
What are factors that affect an ecosystem called?
Factors that affect an ecosystem are classified as biotic or abiotic.
70
what are biotic factors?
Biotic factors include the
| living parts of the ecosystem,
71
What are abiotic factors?
and abiotic factors are nonliving influences, such as
| temperature, humidity, or soil composition.
72
What is parasitism
parasitism (in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed, such as a tapeworm in a human host)
73
What is commensalism
commensalism (in which one species benefits
| and one is unaffected, such as a remora and shark
74
What is mutualism
mutualism (in which both species
benefit, such as lichen, which is made up of a fungus and an alga and is found on a tree or
rock)
75
What is a biosphere?
a biosphere is the entire portion of our planet that is inhabited by living
things in a variety of ecosystems and communities
76
What are biomes?
Within the biosphere are groups of
ecosystems that are common to the various types of geographical areas. These geographical
areas are called biomes
77
What are tundras?
Tundras are characterized by very cold temperatures and high altitude. The conditions
allow shrubs and bushes to grow, but no trees.
78
What are deserts?
Deserts have little precipitation and are more arid than all of the other biomes.
79
What are tropical rain forests?
Tropical rain forests typically have a relatively constant temperature (68°F-90°F),
constant daylight length throughout the year, high humidity, and abundant rain (200-
400 cm/year). These forests are known for their biodiversity, having more species than
any other area of the world. Trees grow very tall and there is great competition for light.
Little light reaches the forest floor.
80
What are deciduous forests?
Deciduous forests are usually found in the temperate, mid-latitude regions of the
world, where the air contains enough moisture to support the growth of large trees.
Deciduous trees, such as oaks and maples, drop their leaves during the dry months.
The temperatures in this biome can range widely from season to season.
81
What are Coniferous forests
```
Coniferous forests (taigas) are found at high and cool elevations, where the seasons
consist of short summers and long, chilly winters. These areas are characterized by
conifers, such as pine, and firs, which do not shed their leaves in the cold, dry months.
```
82
What is photosynthesis?
To produce their own organic molecules from inorganic molecules in the environment,
autotrophs use the process called photosynthesis.
83
What does chlorophyll do?
In this process, the pigment chlorophyll,
which is located in the chloroplasts of plant cells, absorbs light energy. This energy, in turn,
drives the synthesis of food molecules
84
What is a cuticle plants?
The stems and leaves of most plants are covered by a cuticle, which is a waxy layer that helps
prevent water loss through evaporation.
85
What are stomates?
Additionally, the leaves have stomates, which are
pores on the lower surface of the leaves that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen to be
released during photosynthesis without losing too much water.
86
What are angiosperms?
The flower in flowering plants,
| or angiosperms, is responsible for reproduction
87
What are the sepals?
The sepals encase the flower
| before it blooms.
88
What are the petals?
the petals are useful in attracting pollinators. In the center of the petals
are the stamen and pistils
89
What are the stamen?
The stamen consists of the filament, which supports the anther, where pollen is produced.
90
What does the pistil consist of?
The pistil consists of the stigma (which receives pollen), the style (which leads to the ovary), and the ovary (which contains the ovules and where fertilization
occurs).
91
How is fruit made?
After fertilization, the ovules within the ovary develop into seeds. The walls of the
ovary thicken to protect the seed and this thick fleshy protective layer is what we know and
love as fruit.
92
What are genes?
All living things possess a set of instructions (genes) that determines the characteristics of an
organism.
93
Where are genes?
On chromosomes
94
What is the law of dominance?
In observing pea plants, Mendel observed that, when individuals with contrasting traits are
crossed, one trait, called the dominant trait, is expressed, and the other trait, called the
recessive trait, is masked. This is the law of dominance
95
What does phenotype mean?
The phenotype, or appearance of the plants
96
What does homozygous mean?
An individual with two identical genes for a
| trait is called purebred, or homozygous
97
What does heterozygous mean?
For example, if a tall plant (TT) is crossed with a short plant (tt), the result is 100%
heterozygous (Tt) offspring, containing one allele for tall and one for short
98
What is the law of segregation?
The law of segregation tells us that when two of these hybrids (heterozygotes) are crossed,
the hidden trait becomes segregated and appears in 25% of the offspring.
99
What is the law of independent assortment?
The law of independent assortment tells us that genes on different chromosomes are inherited independently of each other.
100
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46
101
What are autosomes?
Non sex chromosomes
102
What are sex linked traits?
For some traits, the genes are found only on the X chromosome, but not on the Y, and these traits are called sex-linked traits.
103
What is a nucleotide made of?
```
Each nucleotide is composed of a
phosphate group (PO4), a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a nitrogenous base.
```
104
What is the double helix?
The nucleotides form long chains, which are joined to form a double helix.
105
What does guanine always pair with?
cytosine (C)
106
what does adenine always pair with?
Thyamine
107
What happens during replication of DNA ?
During replication, the DNA strand opens at the base pairs. Free (or unattached) nucleotides are incorporated into the unzipped portion of the DNA, so that
complementary base pairs join to form two exact duplicates
108
What is transcription?
The process of forming m-RNA according to the information contained in the DNA molecule is called transcription
109
How does transcription differ from translation?
RNA differs
from DNA in that it is single stranded, has the sugar ribose in place of deoxyribose, and
replaces thymine with uracil.
110
What is a light microscope?
In a light microscope, light is
first passed through a specimen and then through a glass lens, which bends light in such a
manner that an image is magnified
111
What is an electron microscope?
The electron microscope, which sends a
beam of electrons through a specimen, can be used to examine structures too small to be
seen through a light microscope.
112
How much can a light microscope magnify?
The light microscope can magnify specimens up to 2,000
| times,
113
How much can a electron microscope magnify?
whereas the electron microscope can magnify them up to 2 million times
114
How much can the compound microscope magnify?
The compound microscopes you may have used in school usually magnify around 400 times,
under high power
115
What are variables?
During an experiment, we are often looking for data
| on variables, which are measurable factors or qualities that change during an experiment.
116
What is an independent variable?
An independent variable is one that is changed by the experimenter.
117
What is the dependent variable?
The variable that changes in response to the independent variable is called the dependent variable
118
Where is the independent and dependent variable plotted on a graph?
When we represent data in the form of a graph, the independent variable is
always plotted on the x-axis and the dependent variable on the y-axis.
119
What is mechanical digestion?
breaking food into smaller pieces
120
What is chemical digestion?
chemical digestion (breaking nutrients into small molecules)
121
What is hydrolysis?
The process by
| which chemical digestion occurs is called hydrolysis (splitting molecules by adding water).
122
What are the functions of enzymes in digestion?
Chemical digestion is sped up by the action of digestive enzymes (hydrolases
123
What is the alimentary canal?
Humans, as opposed to simpler animals, such as jellyfish, have a digestive system that is composed of a
tube that extends between two openings: the mouth and the anus. This tube,
called the alimentary canal
124
What are the accessory glands of the digestive system?
(liver, gallbladder, and pancreas).
125
What is the surface area (digestive system)
Food enters through the mouth, where it is chewed (mechanical digestion), increasing the
surface area, which makes it easier to both swallow and digest.
126
What do the salivary glands do?
The presence of food also
| stimulates the salivary glands to release saliva, which contains an enzyme called amylase.
127
What does amylase do?
Amylase breaks down starches into smaller carbohydrate molecules (monosaccharides and
disaccharides)
128
What is the function of the epiglottis?
While swallowing, the top of the
| windpipe is covered by the epiglottis to prevent food from entering the respiratory system.
129
What is peristalsis?
From the esophagus, the food is passed to the stomach by muscular contractions called
peristalsis.
130
What does the lining of the stomach do for digestion?
The lining of the stomach releases gastric juice, which is made up of hydrochloric acid and
proteases (protein digesting enzymes)
131
What is chyme?
The smooth muscles of the stomach mix the partially digested food and the result is a liquid called chyme
132
What does the pyloric sphincter do?
Chyme is released to the small intestine in a series of small portions through the pyloric sphincter.
133
Where does most of the digestion take place in humans?
Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small
intestine, which can be up to 6 meters long in humans. The small intestine is the major site not only for digestion but also for the absorption of
nutrients into the bloodstream. Digestive enzymes are secreted by intestinal glands.
134
What does the liver do in terms of digestion?
The liver produces bile, a substance stored and concentrated in the gallbladder, which helps in the
breakdown of fats.
135
What does the pancreas do in terms of digestion?
The pancreas supplies a number of enzymes needed for digestion.
136
what do the villi do?
To facilitate absorption, the small intestine is lined with villi, which greatly increase the intestinal
surface area for the absorption of the end products of digestion into the blood and lymph.
137
What happens to the undigested food?
Undigested food is moved to the large intestine, or colon, which is responsible for
reabsorbing water that has entered the alimentary canal.
138
Where is the waste stored?
```
Waste, or feces, moves along the
colon by peristalsis, becoming increasingly solidified and is ultimately stored in the rectum
until egestion (elimination from the body).
```
139
How does diarrhea and constipation occur?
. Diarrhea is a result of peristalsis moving feces
through the colon too quickly so that water is not reabsorbed, whereas constipation results
from too little peristalsis and thus too much reabsorption of water
140
What is circulation?
Circulation is the internal transport of blood and lymph throughout the body, which allows for
the exchange of gases, the absorption of nutrients, and the disposal of waste.
141
What is the circulatory system made up of?
The circulatory system is made up of the cardiovascular and lymphatic system, which function together to
achieve these goals.
142
What is the cardiovascular system made up of?
The cardiovascular system in humans is made up of the heart, blood vessels, and blood.
143
What are the four chambers of the heart?
Two atria, two ventricles.
144
What do the atria do?
: two atria (singular: atrium), which receive blood
145
What do the ventricles do?
ventricles, which pump blood to the body
146
Where does the blood from the body enter the heart?
Blood enters the right atrium from the upper and lower body through veins called the
superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
147
What is the atrioventricular valves functions?
From there, it passes through an atrioventricular valve into the right ventricle (valves
prevent backflow when ventricles contract).
148
What do the pulmonary arteries do?
The right ventricle pumps blood through the semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries,
which carry the blood to the lungs. This blood is deoxygenated and becomes oxygenated
in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
149
What do the pulmonary veins do?
Newly oxygenated blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins, which returns blood to
the left atrium.
150
What does the left ventricle do?
From there, it passes through another atrioventricular valve to the left ventricle.
Muscular contractions of the left ventricle pump blood through the aorta to all parts of the
body.
151
What is systole?
When the heart
| contracts, the pressure increases (systole),
152
What is diastole?
When the heart relaxes, the pressure decreases diastole
153
What are the three ways blood circulates?
There are three ways blood circulates: coronary circulation, (circulation of
blood to the heart ), pulmonary circulation (circulation of blood through the lungs), and
systemic circulation (circulation throughout the body).
154
What is blood?
Interestingly, blood is considered a type of connective tissue that is made up of variety of cells
suspended in a liquid called plasma.
155
What is the composition of blood?
Red blood cells, white blood cells, and
platelets make up 45% of whole blood, whereas plasma, which contains proteins, ions,
hormones, and gases, makes up the other 55%
156
What do red blood cells do?
Red blood cells, or erythrocytes, are
| responsible for transporting oxygen, and they do not have nuclei or mitochondria.
157
How many molecules of hemoglobin per red blood cell?
To suit their
main function of transporting oxygen, red blood cells are small and thin (to allow for diffusion),
and each cell contains approximately 250 million molecules of hemoglobin, an oxygen carrier.
158
Why is iron necessary in our diets?
Hemoglobin is an iron-rich globular protein, which explains the need for iron in our diets.
159
What do white blood cells do?
White blood cells, or leukocytes, are less abundant than red blood cells and are involved in
host defense. Not surprisingly, an infection is indicated when the number of white blood cells
exceeds the normal concentration.
160
What do platelets do?
Platelets, also found in plasma, are pieces of cells that are important in blood clotting.
161
What do lymph capillaries do?
As blood passes through the capillary vessels of the circulatory system, fluid and proteins can
leak out into the interstitial space. This lost fluid diffuses into lymph capillaries, which are
found throughout the cardiovascular system, and thus enters the lymphatic system. Inside the lymphatic system, the fluid, or lymph, returns to the circulatory system
162
What do lymph nodes do?
Lymph nodes are special pockets in the lymphatic system where the lymph is filtered. White
blood cells are present in these nodes to attack bacteria and viruses that may be present in
the fluid. This is why swollen and tender lymph nodes are usually a sign of an infection.
163
What are the three kinds of blood vessels?
There are three kinds of blood vessels: arteries, veins, and capillaries
164
What are the functions of arteries?
Arteries transport blood away from the heart. Because they carry blood at relatively high pressure, they are muscular. We feel a pulse in the arteries
165
What are the functions of veins?
Veins transport blood to the heart, and they contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood as it returns to the heart.
166
What are the functions of capillaries?
Capillaries are tiny blood vessels that
connect arteries and veins. It is through the capillary walls (only one cell thick) that nutrients
and oxygen leave the blood to enter the interstitial space and tissue cells and waste products
and carbon dioxide leave the tissue to enter the blood.
167
What is the order of taking a breath?
Air enters the respiratory system through the nasal cavities, which lead to the pharynx, then to the larynx, then the air travels to the trachea, or windpipe, which branches into two main bronchi, which lead to the lungs. Inside each lung, the branching continues, creating thinner and thinner tubes called bronchioles, and at the end of these bronchioles are alveolus.
168
What is an alveolus?
An air sac. These thin and permeable air sacs are the functional units of the lung.
169
what does the diaphragm do in terms of respiration?
This involves the muscular movement of the diaphragm (a sheet of muscle lining the bottom of the
thoracic cavity) and of the rib cage, which raises and lowers the pressure in the chest cavity.
170
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the process by which we get energy from the food that we eat.
171
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present,
| and it is the opposite process to that of photosynthesis
172
What is anaerobic respiration?
If oxygen is not present, anaerobic respiration occurs, which is less efficient, producing a lower amount of
ATP.
173
What is the production of lactic acid a result of?
. Lactic acid, which is produced during anaerobic respiration, is a cause of sore muscles
after strenuous exercise.
174
What is anaerobic respiration called in yeast, and why
Anaerobic respiration in yeast is called fermentation, producing
ethanol rather than lactic acid.
175
What does the nervous system do?
The nervous system directly regulates body functions and responds to environmental stimuli.
176
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
The functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron
177
Why do neurons at rest have an electrical potential?
At rest, neurons have an electrical potential due to differences in sodium and potassium ion concentrations across the cell membrane
178
What is an impulse?
Generally, an impulse is generated when the dendrites of a neuron are stimulated by the environment or by another neuron.
179
How does the impulse travel?
The impulse travels from the cell body along the axon until it reaches the ends (axon terminals)
180
What does the impulse traveling trigger?
This triggers the release of neurotransmitters, which travel across synapses and may trigger other neurons or muscles.
181
What do myelin sheaths do in terms of impulse traveling
Axons may have myelin sheaths, which help transmit
| impulses faster.
182
What are the three types of neurons?
Sensory neurons, interneurons, motor neurons.
183
What do sensory neurons do?
Sensory neurons transmit impulses from sense organs and receptors.
184
What do inter neurons do?
Interneurons make up the brain and spinal cord.
185
What do motor neurons do?
Motor neurons carry impulses from interneurons to skeletal and visceral muscles and glands.
186
What are nerves?
Nerves are groups, or bundles, of the axons of sensory and/or motor neurons.
187
What are the two subsystems of the nervous system
Central nervous system, peripheral nervous system.
188
What does the central nervous system include
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the brain and spinal cord.
189
What does the peripheral nervous system include
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) includes the nerves and sense receptors.
190
What is the PNS responsible for?
The PNS is responsible for transmitting information to and from the CNS.
191
What is the CNS responsible for?
The CNS is responsible for processing information.
192
What are the two branches of the PNS?
e somatic branch
| autonomic branch.
193
What is the somatic branch concerned with?
the somatic branch is concerned with the external environment
194
What is the autonomic branch concerned with?
autonomic branch is concerned with the
| internal environment, such as the digestive system.
195
What does a reflex arc do?
A reflex arc carries out simple, quick, and automatic responses to certain stimuli. Reflex
actions are commonly defensive and do not necessarily involve the brain.
196
Where is the spinal cord located?
The spinal cord extends from the brain downward and is enclosed by the bones of the vertebral column, or spine
197
What do openings between the vertebrae allow for?
Openings between the vertebrae allow peripheral nerves to join with the spinal cord.
198
What does the spinal cord do?
The spinal cord passes messages to and from the brain, and acts as the center
for reflex actions.
199
What can damage to the spinal cord result in?
Damage to the spinal cord may result in paralysis and may be permanent.
200
Where is the brain and what are its subdivisions?
The brain is protected and enclosed within the cranium and is divided into three areas: The cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla (Brain stem)
201
What is the cerebrum responsible for?
The cerebrum makes up the largest portion of the human brain and is the site of complex
and high-level thinking. Conscious and voluntary actions are controlled here, as are other
functions such as speech, vision, hearing, and memory.
202
What is the cerebellum responsible for
The cerebellum is located below and behind the cerebrum. It is responsible for muscular
coordination and balance.
203
What does the brain stem do
The brain stem, or medulla, controls basic homeostatic functions such as body
temperature, blood pressure, and breathing.
204
What is an important function of the endocrine system>
An important function of the endocrine system is to maintain homeostasis
205
What is homeostasis?
homeostasis, which is the body’s
way of keeping its internal environment stable by means of secretions from the endocrine
glands.
206
Why are endocrine glands also called ductless glands?
These glands are also called ductless glands because they secrete hormones directly
into the bloodstream
207
What are hormones?
Hormones are chemicals that act as messengers and that help control
the important processes of growth, metabolism, reproduction, osmotic balance, and
development
208
How do hormones work?
Most hormones work by binding to their target cells by means of a receptor and
influencing the activity of the cell.
209
How are hormones activated?
Hormones are usually activated by some type of stimulus
210
What does the thyroid gland do?
regulates·
| metabolism
211
What does the parathyroid gland do?
regulates calcium
| metabolism
212
What does the thymus gland do and where is it located>
supports immune
system in young
children and on chest
213
What does the adrenal gland do?
so-called fight-orflight hormone;
regulate water
balance, blood
pressure
214
What does the Isles of
| Langerhans do and where is it located?
control storage of
sugar in liver and
blood level of sugar and pancreas
215
What does the testes do and where is it located?
Located : in the scrotum
male secondary sex
characteristics
216
What do the ovaries do and where are they located
pelvic
female secondary sex
characteristics,
menstrual cycle
217
What is the musculoskeletal system composed of?
The musculoskeletal system is composed of bones, connective tissue, and muscle.
218
What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?
the support and protection of the internal organs, and movement
219
Where are blood cells made?
blood cells are made in the red marrow of the long bones
220
What are osteocytes?
Bone contains osteocytes, which produce a hard, calcium-rich extracellular matrix.
221
How many bones in the body?
206.
222
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
The axial portion of the
| skeleton consists of the skull, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum.
223
What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?
The appendicular skeleton is made
| up of the bones of the shoulders, arms, pelvis, and legs.
224
What do joints do?
Joints connect the bones of the skeleton
225
What are sutures?
Sutures are immovable joints that join the bones of
| the skull, permitting growth but no movement.
226
What type of joints do the shoulders and hips have?
ball-and-socket joints
227
What type of joints do the elbow/knee have?
Hinge joints
228
What type of joints do the wrists have?
Sliding and gliding joints
229
What is osteoarthritis
a degenerative bone and joint disease
230
What is Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (a degenerative joint disease caused by an autoimmune response)
231
What is osteoporosis
Osteoporosis (a disease caused by calcium loss often found in older people, especially
postmenopausal women)
232
What do ligaments do?
Ligaments connect bones to other bones.
233
What do tendons do?
Tendons connect muscles to bones
234
What does cartilage do in the skeletal system?
Cartilage cushions bones at the joints.
235
What are the three types of muscles?
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
236
What is cardiac muscle and where is it found?
Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart and is involuntary.
237
What is smooth muscle and where is it found?
Smooth muscle also involuntary, is found in the internal organs of the digestive tract
and in blood vessels.
238
What is skeletal muscle?
. Skeletal muscle is also called striated muscle due to the microscopic appearance of
the individual muscle cells or fibers. Skeletal muscles move bones and are responsible
for voluntary movements. Skeletal muscles, attached to bones by tendons, move the
bones when they contract and thereby shorten.
239
Which muscle is often found in opposing pairs?
Skeletal
240
What is the flexor of a muscle?
In such a pair, one muscle, the flexor,
| bends or moves a limb away from anatomical position.
241
What is the extensor of a muscle?
The other muscle, the extensor, returns
| the limb to the anatomical position
242
Give an example of the body using a flexor/extensor muscle
The biceps muscle (a flexor) and the triceps muscle (an
| extensor) of the upper arm are good examples of this.
243
What are the kidneys?
The kidneys are the principal excretory organs of the body
244
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
245
What is the outer and inner parts of the kidney called?
The outer portion of
| the kidneys is the renal cortex and the inner portion is called the renal medulla.
246
What does the nephron include?
glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, the
| proximal convoluted tubule, the loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.
247
What is urine?
The concentrated mixture of wastes that is left in the tubules forms urine
248
What are the functions of ureters?
Urine which enters the
| collecting tubules to the ureters, The ureters transport urine to the urinary bladder for storage.
249
What does sexual reproduction start with?
Sexual reproduction starts with the fusion of two gametes (sperm and egg) to form a zygote
(united sperm and egg).
250
What is a monoploid/haploid?
Each gamete is monoploid (or haploid), containing half of the normal
complement of chromosomes
251
What is diploid?
When the zygote is created from the union of a sperm and an
| egg, it contains the full complement of chromosomes and is diploid.
252
What are the external reproductive organs in the male?
In the male, the genitalia, or the external reproductive organs, are the penis and the scrotum
253
What are the internal reproductive organs in the male?
The internal reproductive organs consist of the testes, the primary male
reproductive organs
254
What do the testes contain?
The testes contain seminiferous tubules, where sperm form, and interstitial cells, which produce male sex hormones such as testosterone.
255
What does the epidymis do?
When sperm is
produced in the seminiferous tubules, it then travels into the epididymis, which is made of
coiled tubes that store sperm while they mature
256
What happens to the sperm during ejaculation?
The sperm are sent through the epididymis
| during ejaculation into the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct to the urethra.
257
What are the primary reproductive organs in the femael?
The ovaries which produce both eggs and
| the hormones progesterone and estrogen
258
What is a oocyte
Inside the ovaries are ovarian
| follicles, each of which contains an immature egg called an oocyte
259
What is ovulation?
As the egg develops, the
follicle also matures and enlarges. When fully mature, the follicle releases the egg in the stage
called ovulation, which occurs approximately every 28 days
260
What is the fallopian tubes function?
The egg then travels through the
| fallopian tubes, where it can be fertilized.
261
What is the endometrium?
If fertilized, the egg travels to the uterus, where it
becomes implanted in the uterine lining, the endometrium, and remains there for the rest of its
development.
262
What happens when the egg is not fertilized?
the endometrial lining
is shed, and it thickens again in preparation for the possibility of implantation in the next cycle.
The shedding is a process known as menstruation.
263
What happens when the egg is fertilized?
If fertilization occurs, the developing embryo implants itself in the uterus, where it develops
during its gestation period of nine months.
264
How is the placenta formed?
Tissues of the embryo and the mother grow together
| to form the placenta
265
What does the placenta do?
The blood of the embryo and mother are never directly connected, but nutrients and oxygen from the mother and wastes from the embryo are exchanged through the
placenta
266
How is the fetus connected to the placenta?
The fetus is connected to the placenta by the umbilical cord.
267
What does the cornea do?
At the front of the eyeball, the transparent cornea allows light to enter the eye
268
What does the iris do, where is it located?
Behind the cornea is the iris, which not only gives our eyes color, but also changes in size,
regulating how much light is allowed to enter the pupil, which is in the middle of the iris.
269
What do the lenses do?
The lens focuses light onto the retina, its shape changed by attached muscles.
270
What is the retina?
The retina is the innermost layer of the eyeball and contains two types of photoreceptor cells.
271
What are the two types of photoreceptor cells in the retina?
Rod cells / Cone cells
272
What do cone cells do?
Cone cells allow us to distinguish colors in the day
273
What do rod cells do?
are
| sensitive to light, distinguish between black and white, and allow us to see at night.
274
What does the optic nerve do?
When they are stimulated by light, the photoreceptor
| cells transmit the information along the optic nerve to the brain.
275
What is the ear responsible for
The ear is responsible not only for hearing, but for balance as wel
276
What does the outer ear do?
The outer ear collects sounds and transmits them to the tympanic membrane
277
What is the tympanic membrane?
Seperates outer ear from middle ear
278
What does the middle ear do?
In the middle ear, the vibrations produced by sound are transmitted through three small
bones (ossicles):
279
What are the three bones in the middle ear?
Malleus, incles and stapes
280
What makes your ears pop?
The middle ear is also connected to the
Eustachian tube, which opens into the pharynx. This tube equalizes the pressure
between the middle ear and the atmosphere, sometimes making your ears “pop.”
281
What does the inner ear do?
The inner ear has many channels containing fluid that moves in response to your
movement or to sound.
282
What is the cochleas function?
Sound coming into the inner ear moves the fluid, causing the cochlea, a part of the inner ear, to transduce (or convert) the movement into signals or
action potentials.
283
What are the semicircular canals involved in?
The semi-circular canals are involved
| in balance.
284
What is chemistry?
Chemistry is the both the study of the properties of matter, which is a substance that has mass
and energy, and occupies space, and the ways in which the properties of matter interact,
combine and change.
285
What is matter?
matter, which is a substance that has mass
| and energy, and occupies space
286
What is a substance?
A substance is any material all samples of which have the same
composition and properties (a mixture is not a substance).
287
What is an atom?
An atom is the smallest
| unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.
288
What are the three types of subatomic particles?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
289
What are protons?
Protons carry a positive charge and are found in the nucleus of an atom.
290
What are neutrons?
Neutrons are neutral and are also found in the nucleus.
291
What are electrons?
Electrons carry a negative charge and are found outside the nucleus and arranged according to their energy level.
292
How is an element identified?
An element is identified by its symbol and its atomic number
293
What is the atomic number?
The atomic number is equal to the number of protons found the nucleus of each of its atoms
294
What is the mass number?
The mass number of an atom,
which is the number at the bottom of the symbol is equal to the number of nucleons (protons + neutrons) in its nucleus. To find the number of protons in an atom, just look at its atomic number.
295
How do you find the number of neutrons in an element?
To find the number of neutrons in an
| atom, subtract the atomic number from the mass number of the element
296
What are isotopes
Atoms of the same element (with the same number of protons)
| that contain a different number of neutrons are called isotopes
297
What is the atomic mass?
The atomic mass of an element is a weighted average of the mass numbers
of all naturally occurring isotopes of the element.
298
What are radioisotopes?
ome isotopes are radioactive; these are
| called radio-isotopes
299
What happens when the number of electrons does not equal the protons?
When
| the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, the atom carries a charge.
300
What are charged atoms called?
Charged atoms are called ions
301
What is a cation?
An ion with a positive charge is called a cation. `
302
What is an anion?
n ion with a negative charge is called
| an anion; it has more electrons than protons.
303
What are electrons found in the outermost shell called?
Electrons found in the outermost
| energy level are called valence electrons
304
What is the maximum number of valence electrons in the outer ring?
8
305
What is the periodic table?
The periodic table (Figure 21) contains all the known elements, arranged in horizontal rows
called periods, in order of increasing atomic number.
306
What do the groups of the periodic table contain?
The columns, or groups, on the table
| contain elements with similar properties because of their similar electron configurations
307
What is on the periodic table of elements from left to righ?
From left to right across a period, the elements move from metals on the left-hand side of the chart
to metalloids and finally to nonmetals on the right-hand side
308
What are noble gases?
The last group (18) on the right is
the noble gases, which have full valence shells; some of them can form compounds with other
elements
309
How does an atom become more stable?
An atom becomes more stable as its electron configuration becomes like that of a noble gas.
310
What does the octet rule state?
The
octet rule states that atoms tend to combine in such a way that they each have 8 electrons in
their valence shells, giving them the same electronic configuration as a noble gas.
311
How can atoms achieve this stability?
Atoms can
| achieve this stable configuration by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.
312
What is an ionic bond?
Positive and negative ions attract each other forming an ionic bond.
313
What are the chemical compositions of ionic compounds?
Ionic
| compounds have high melting and boiling points, but dissolve in polar solvents such as water.
314
What is a covalent bond?
Some atoms form molecules by sharing pairs of electrons, forming what is known as a
covalent bond
315
What is a nonpolar covalent bond?
When two atoms share electrons equally, as in Cl2, we say the bond is a nonpolar covalent
bond
316
What is a polar covalent bond>
they share electrons
| unequally, the electrons being held closer to one atom than to the other.
317
What is an element?
An element is a simple substance, made up of one type of atom. An element cannot be broken down
into anything simpler;
318
What is a compound?
A compound is a substance
| made up of two or more different atoms bonded together.a compound can be broken down into elements
319
What are the 3 different phases of matter?
Gas, liquid solid
320
What are the charactersitics of gas?
A gas has weak attractions between the atoms or molecules and particles move in a
random and erratic manner. If placed in a container, a gas takes the shape of its
container and spreads to fill its volume.
321
What are the characteristics of a liquid>
A liquid has more attraction between its particles. It takes the shape of the container it
is in, but it does not vary in its volume.
322
What are the characteristics of a solid?
A solid does not take the shape of the container it is in and does not flow and its
particles have very little movement.
323
What is melting?
The process that takes a solid to a liquid is melting.
324
What is evaporation?
the process that turns a liquid to a gas
| is evaporation.
325
The gas to liquid conversion is called
condensation.
326
A liquid turns into a solid by
Freezing
327
The direct change between the solid phase and the gaseous phase without an apparent liquid phase is called
Sublimation
328
What is vapor pressure
In a closed system, the evaporated
gas above a liquid exerts a pressure called vapor pressure, which is specific for each liquid
and at each temperature.
329
When would liquid boil at a lower temperature?
At high altitudes where the barometric pressure is lower, liquids boil at lower temperature.
330
A _____ mixture differs from a substance in that its composition may vary within a
sample;
heterogeneous
331
A ______ mixture is one in which the composition does not vary within the sample
homogeneous
332
In a solution, the substance that does the
| dissolving is called the ____ and the substance being dissolved is the ____.
Solvent, solute
333
A _____ is a solution in which the solvent is alcohol.
Tincture
334
How can homogenous mixtures be seperated?
Homogeneous mixtures such as solutions can be separated by physical
means such as distillation or chromatography
335
An _____ for example, refers to a liquid dispersed in
| another liquid in which it is not soluble
Emulsion
336
_____ is the ability of a solute to dissolve in a
| particular solvent
Solubility
337
The addition of certain substances called _____ can
| stabilize emulsions.
emulsifiers
338
How can heterogenous mixtures be seperated?
Heterogeneous mixtures can be separated by physical means such as
filtration.
339
Iron left exposed to the environment reacts with oxygen in the air. The result is a new compound, iron oxide. This type of change, in which a substance changes into a new and different substance, is a ______.
Chemical change.
340
______, a change in which the substance undergoing the change remains the same.
Physical change
341
The substances that react with each other are written on the left side of the equation are _______.
Reactants.
342
The substances that are the end products of the reaction are written on the right side of the equation are ______
Products
343
. The law of ______ of mass tells us that matter is
| neither created nor destroyed
Conservation
344
_____, or _______, reactions involve two or more reactants that combine to create a
new product.
Synthesis, Combination
345
________ reactions involve an element reacting with a compound. During this reaction, an atom of the single element replaces an element in the compound.
Single replacement reaction
346
_______ reactions involve two ionic compounds. The positive ions, or metal, in
each compound switch positions.
Double displacement reactions
347
The _____ was created to identify the strength of an acid or a base (or alkaline)
depending on the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions.
pH scale
348
pH below 7 as ____, a pH above 7 as ____, and a pH of 7 as _____
Acidic, basic and neutral
349
_______ involve one reactant that is broken down into two or more simpler
products. Often heat is used to drive this type of reaction.
Decomposition reactions
350
What does a reaction depend on?
1. The two substances must come into contact.
2. Enough energy has to be available. If the appropriate amount of energy, the activation energy, is available, then the reaction can proceed.
351
Why is a reaction rate increased because of an increase in high temperatures?
the reaction rate is increased by raising the temperature because an elevated temperature
causes particles to move around in a quicker and more erratic manner.
352
What are catalysts?
These are substances that increase the rate of a reaction by lowering the
activation energy needed. It is important to remember that catalysts only affect the rate of the
reaction and are not used up in it
353
A reaction that releases energy is called ____; its
| products contain less energy than its reactants.
Exothermic
354
A reaction that absorbs energy is called
| ______; its products contain more energy than its reactants.
Endothermic
355
Most chemical reactions do not go to completion but instead reach _____
Equillibrium
356
At _____, the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.
Equillibrium
357
Organic chemistry is the study of ______, which are compounds that contain carbon.
Organic compounds
358
What are organic compounds?
Compounds that contain carbon
359
Examples of organic compounds include______, such as methane or butane, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, and esters
Hydrocarbons
360
What are organic compounds often represented with?
Structural formulas
361
_______ contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is typically 2:1.
Carbohydrates
362
______ are
| the so-called simple sugars
Monosaccharides
363
______ are made from two monosaccharides and
| include table sugar, or sucrose.
Disaccharides
364
______ are chains of monosaccharides and are
| commonly known as starch and glycogen.
Polysaccharides
365
_____ is formed in plants, whereas _____ is
| found in animals.
Starch, glycogen
366
A common test for the presence of starch is ______ , which turns blue-black in the presence of starch.
Lugol’s solution (iodine)
367
A common test for monosaccharides is ______ which, when heated with a simple sugar, turns brick red.
Benedicts solution
368
In ______ , the bonds between the carbons are single; in ______, the bonds tend to be double or triple
bonds.
Saturated fats, unsaturated fats
369
A common test for the presence of proteins is _____
Biurets solution
370
______ is a reaction in which small units, such as monosaccharides or amino acids, are
joined to form larger molecules. In this reaction, one molecule gives up a hydrogen atom and
the other an OH to form water and the two molecules bond.
Dehydration synthesis
371
_____ is the opposite; a large
molecule is broken down into smaller molecules by adding water (H2O) and putting the H and
OH back.
Hydrolysis
372
The ______ of an object is the distance and direction of the object from some starting
point (e.g. 15 meters at 45° north of east)
Displacement
373
When an object is in _____ its displacement is constantly changing.
Motion
374
How is motion described?
Motion is described by displacement, velocity (speed), and acceleration.
375
_____ is the distance traveled by an object per unit of time.
Speed
376
How is speed calculated?
Speed = Distance traveled/time
377
_____ is speed in a given direction; it therefore tells us two things about a moving object: its speed and its direction.
Velocity
378
The rate of change in velocity is called _____.
Acceleration
379
______ is sometimes used to refer to negative acceleration or a decrease in velocity.
Deceleration
380
How is acceleration calculated?
Acceletation = Final velocity - original velocity divided by time
381
Velocity and acceleration can both be described using _____ because they have both
magnitude and direction
Vectors
382
An object traveling at a specific velocity has a quantity called _____.
Momentum
383
How is momentum calculated?
Momentum = mass x velocity
384
One of the main laws of classical physics is the _______, which states that the total _________of an isolated system is always constant.
conservation of momentum, momentum
385
the law of _____, states that objects in motion tend to stay in motion and that objects at rest tend to
stay at rest.
Inertia
386
____ is the property of matter that resists any change in motion
Inertia
387
How is force calculated?
Force = mass x accleration
388
The ____ is the unit that represents a force that
| gives a mass of 1 kilogram an acceleration of 1 meter per second.
Newton
389
Whenever a force is exerted on an
object along a surface or whenever an object has a velocity along the surface and the two
surfaces touch, there is a force called ____
Friction
390
_____ is the force of attraction between
all objects in the universe. The greater the mass of an object is, the greater its gravitational
force will be.
Gravity
391
Why is the earths gravitational force so strong?
The earth’s gravitational force is great because the earth has a large mass.
392
However, the _____ toward earth is the same for all objects, independent of their mass.
acceleration
393
What is density?
density, which is mass per unit volume
394
How is density calculated?
Density = mass/volume
395
The ability of a force that is applied perpendicularly to rotate an object around an axis, such as
using a wrench to turn a bolt, is measured by a quantity called ____... ____ is the perpendicular force times the lever arm.
Torque
396
The _____ is the distance from the axis of rotation
to the point where the force is exerted (e.g. the length of the wrench). The farther the force is
from the axis of rotation, the more torque is produced and the easier it is to rotate the object.
Lever arm
397
To keep a ball at the end of a string moving in a circle, you must continually exert a force pulling
the ball back toward the center of the circle. This force is called the _____ and, in
the case of the ball on a string, the string provides the force.
centripetal force,
398
______ is the ability to do work.
Energy
399
________ is energy associated with motion. Any moving body has this type energy
because it is able to do work by moving other bodies.
Kinetic energy
400
_______ is the energy stored in a body because of its position
Potential energy
401
______ is the rate at which work is done.
Power
402
An _________ is a slanted surface used to raise an object.
.
inclined plane
403
A ____ is a moving inclined plane.
Wedge
404
A ____ is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder.
Screw
405
A ____ is free to move around a fulcrum when force is applied.
Lever
406
A ____ is a chain or rope wrapped around a wheel.
Pulley
407
A ____ and ____ act as a lever that rotates in a circle
Wheel and axle
408
A _____ is a combination of two or more simple machines.
Compound machine
409
According to the _____ , the atoms in
| matter are in a constant state of motion.
kinetic theory of matte
410
____ is the result of the impulses from the collision of molecules with the walls of the
container.
Pressure
411
_____ states that, when the temperature of a gas is kept constant, the volume
of a fixed amount of gas varies inversely with the pressure of the gas. If the volume
of the gas is decreased, both the number of particle collisions and the pressure of
the gas increase. If the volume of the gas is increased, the pressure of the gas
decreases.
Boyles law
412
_____ defines the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas
when its pressure is kept constant. According to this law, the volume of a fixed
amount of gas varies directly with its temperature. If the temperature of a gas
increases, the volume increases.
Charles law
413
_______ is a measure of the
| average kinetic energy of a single particles moving in a substance.
Temperature
414
_____ is a form of energy that causes the particles
| of matter to move faster and farther apart.
Heat
415
_____ refers to
| the physical change of a substance from one state to another.
Phase change
416
The______ is the heat energy needed per unit mass to change the
phase of a substance.
latent heat
417
In science, the most commonly used temperature scale is the ____ scale
Celsius
418
the ____ , or absolute temperature, scale.
Kelvin
419
The ____ is the temperature at which
| ice melts or water freezes
Ice point
420
The _____ is the point at which water at standard pressure boils.
Steam point
421
The _____
(273.16 K) on the Kelvin scale is the temperature at which water exists simultaneously as a gas,
a liquid, and a solid.
Triple point
422
On the Kelvin scale, the lowest possible temperature is known as _____
Absolute zero
423
___ is a rhythmic disturbance that travels through matter or space, and ____ motion is a means of transferring
energy.
Wave
424
A ____ is a wave in which matter vibrates at right angles to the direction in which the wave
travels.
Transverse wave
425
A ______ is a wave in which matter vibrates
| back and forth along the path that the wave travels.
longitudinal wave i
426
Sounds, for example, are transmitted by
| ______
longitudinal waves.
427
_____ is motion that repeats itself over and over again, such as the motion of a
pendulum.
Periodic motion
428
A ____ is motion that repeats itself at regular intervals and transfers energy, but not mass.
Periodic wave
429
The _____ of a wave tells us the number of cycles per second that a wave repeats itself (e.g.
10 cycles per second).
frequency (f )
430
Frequency is often measured in ____, which is equivalent to cycles per second.
hertz (Hz)
431
____ refers to the maximum distance a wave rises or falls (measured relative to the
wave’s undisturbed position) as the wave travels.
Amplitude
432
The ____ of a transverse wave is the maximum upward displacement and the ____ is the maximum downward displacement.
Crest; Trough
433
The ____ of a transverse wave is the distance
| between two successive crests.
Wavelength
434
_____ is the frequency of the wave times the
| wavelength
Wave speed
435
_____ between two systems occurs when the vibration of one system results in the vibration of the
other system at the same frequency.
Resonance
436
Light waves are made up of streams of tiny packets of energy called ____
Photons
437
Light waves are called _____ because the moving photons consist of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic
438
The complete spectrum of light, arranged in order of their wavelengths, is called the ____
Electromagnetic spectrum
439
_____ , only a small part of this spectrum, is the portion that is visible to the human eye.
Visible light
440
The ____ of a sound wave has to do with the frequency
Pitch
441
The ____ of a sound wave is
| determined by its amplitude.
Loudness
442
The ______ occurs whenever there is relative motion between the source of waves and the observer
Doppler Effect
443
____ is the bending of light rays as they pass from one medium to another
because light moves at different speeds through different mediums.
Refraction
444
A prism is a piece of glass that
| separates light into its component colors. This phenomenon is called _____
Dispersion
445
A lens that is thicker in the center than it is at the edges is a _____
Convex lens
446
The ____ is the point at which the
| light rays meet.
Focal point
447
A _____is thicker at the edges than it is in the middle.
Concave lens
448
Electricity moving through a circuit is called a _____
Current
449
An ____ is the unit used to measure
| electrical current
Ampere
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