1
Q
What is half life
A
Amount of time that it takes for a radioactive isotope to lose half of it’s matter and energy
2
Q
Carbon-14 turns into…
A
Nitrogen-14
3
Q
Uranium always turns to…
A
Lead
4
Q
Electrons cloud’s first ring max’s out at ____ and the second and third at ________ and then at _____
A
2
8
18
5
Q
Relate Mass number and Atomic Mass
A
Atomic Mass is the average of the mass numbers of an element taking into consideration the amount that occurs in nature
6
Q
How would I draw an isotope/ion symbol
A
Mass number on top left charge on top right # of protons bottom left symbol in the middle
7
Q
What makes up nucleus
A
Protons and Neutrons
8
Q
Cation
A
Positive
9
Q
Anion
A
Negative
10
Q
Different number of protons
A
Different element
11
Q
Different number of neutrons
A
Isotope
12
Q
Different number of electrons
A
Ion
13
Q
Dendrochronology
A
Tree ring dating
Andrew Douglass
Wide ring=wet year
Narrow ring=dry ring
14
Q
Absolute dating
A
Any process that provides the real age of a sample in years
15
Q
Radioactive Decay
A
The process in which a radioactive isotope loses its matter and energy. During this process a neutron transforms into a proton creating a different element. It continues until the isotope is stable
16
Q
What order are the Geologic Time Eras in?
A
Precambrian
Paleozoic
Mesozoic
Cenozoic
17
Q
From what time was the Precambrian Era?
A
Earths formation 4750mya to 542mya
18
Q
From what time was the Paleozoic Era?
A
542mya-251mya
19
Q
From what time was the Mesozoic Era?
A
251mya-65mya
20
Q
From what time was the Cenozoic Era?
A
65mya-now
21
Q
What happened in the Precambrian Era?
A
- The first single called organisms
2. The oxygenation event
22
Q
What happened in the Paleozoic Era?
A
- First fish and plants
- First invertebrates
- Pangea had formed
23
Q
What happened in the Mesozoic Era?
A
- Rise of the Dinosaurs
- First Mammals
- Pangea splits
- Asteroid hits Yucatán Peninsula and kills the dinosaurs-marks the end of the Mesozoic era and the beginning of the Cenozoic Era
24
Q
What happened in the Cenozoic Era?
A
- Mammals became more dominant
a. Categorized into Land, Sea, and Flying Mammals - Pangea Moved to current positions
- First humans
25
What is the Nickname for each era?
Precambrian-doesn't have one
Paleozoic-Ancient Life
Mesozoic-Middle Life/Age of Reptiles
Cenozoic-Recent Life/Age of Mammals
26
During metric conversions, what way do you move the decimal place?
Small to Big is Left
Sam Bishop Loser
Big to Small is Right
5 centimeters
0.05 meter
27
Dimensional Analysis
When given a unit from the Metric or English System that you need to convert
28
Conversion Factor
Always given on a test.
Sets the equality between two units. What you multiply during Dimensional Analysis
Ex. 1in=2.54cm
29
Practice Dimensional Analysis:
How many cm is 6ft?
Conversion factor: 1in=2.54cm
183cm
6ft 12in 2.54cm
--- x ---- x ------- = 183cm
1 1ft 1in
30
Absolute Dating
Any process that finds the real age of a sample in years
31
Absolute Dating: Radioactive Decay
Process in which unstable isotopes lose half of their mass and energy over time, turning into a different element. The process occurs until the element becomes stable.
Measured in half lives
32
Absolute Dating: Dendrochronology
Process invented by Andrew Douglass that dates by tree rings.
The study tells us about the earths climate. 1 year=1 ring. A wet year=a wide ring, and a Dry year=a narrow ring
33
Relative Dating
The process of putting events into the order in which they chronologically occurred.
Defined by Steno's 6 Laws
34
Relative Dating: law of superposition
Layers on the bottom of rock are older than layers on the top
35
Relative dating: Law of lateral continuity
Layers of sediment extend in all directions
*Canyon*
36
Relative dating: law of original horizontality
The settling of sediments is horizontal
*Think lake*
37
Relative dating: principle of inclusions
Pieces of rock found in other rocks are always older
Chocolate chip cookies-the chips would be older
38
Relative dating: principle of crosscutting relationships
A vein or faults in a rock is younger than the rock itself
39
Relative dating: fossil succession
Provides evidence for how much earths surface has changed over time
Fossils in lower layers are older than those is higher layers
40
The Atom is divided into two parts. What are in the two parts?
The nucleus in the electron cloud
41
The nucleus consists of what?
Protons and neutrons
Both are roughly the same mass
42
The electron cloud consists of what?
Electrons circling the nucleus made up of shells
43
What are the charges of the different types of the atom?
Protons are positive
Neutrons are neutral
Electrons are negative
44
Mass number is
Number of protons plus the number of neutrons
45
Atomic number is
The number of protons
46
Atomic mass is
The average of the mass numbers of an element taking into consideration the amount that occurs in nature
47
A different number of protons means
A different element
48
A different number of neutrons means
An isotope
49
Different number of electrons means
An ion
50
Ions can either be...
Cations: a positive charge=more protons than electrons
Anions: a negative charge = more electrons than protons
51
How many electrons can be in each shell
Two, eight, eight, 18
52
16. -2
O
8
What is the mass number, the atomic number, and the charge and what do they mean
Mass Number= 16, p+n=16
Atomic Number=8, p=8
Ion Charge= -2, there are two more electrons than protons
53
The rock cycle
Describes how rocks are formed and recycled
54
There are three main types of rocks
Igneous: when magma or lava cools and crystallizes
Sedimentary: particles of rocks and minerals or once living things are moved by water, wind, ice, or gravity, and eventually settle in layers. These layers are compacted the form new rock.
Metamorphic: forms one other rocks are changed by heat and pressure
55
Characteristics of igneous rocks
Dark or gray
Have crystals
56
Characteristics of sedimentary rocks
Layers, fossils, gritty texture
57
Characteristics of metamorphic rock
Can have folds, layers, parts of fossils, and crystals
58
Sedimentary rocks use what laws
Superposition
Fossil Succession
Original Horizontality
Lateral Continuity
59
Processes that keep rock material moving through the rock cycle
Weathering, erosion, deposition, compaction and cementation, metamorphism, and melting and crystallizing
60
Minerals follow a...
Crystal lattice structure where crystals grow up against each other in form an interlocking network
Slow cooling results in large crystals
Fast cooling results in small crystals
61
Crystal sizes in igneous are called...
Glassy: few to no crystals
Aphanitic: small crystals that cannot be seen without an aid
Phaneritic: small crystals that can be seen
Pegmatitic: exceptionally large crystals
Porphyritic: Mixture of large and small crystals
62
A basin of deposition is...
Where solid particles and ions are deposited
Particles accumulate as layers or Strada which are packed down due to gravity forming sediment
63
Lithification
conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock via compaction
64
The size of a rock or sediment can be an indicator of what?
The length of travel that the piece has traveled
65
Metamorphic rocks form where? Why?
Well below the Earth's surface
Allows for creation of new minerals, band formation, and alignment of old and new crystals
It takes place at temperatures and pressures which fall between those in which sediment is lithified and rocks melt
66
Three changes that occur during metamorphism
Recrystallization of minerals to make even larger minerals
Development of new minerals and disappearance of old minerals
Deformation and re-orientation of the old minerals, and growth of new ones
67
Difference between foliated and non-foliated rocks
Foliated rocks have minerals aligned in parallel planes
Non-foliated rocks lack parallel orientation and minerals appear interlocked
68
What is a mineral?
A solid inorganic object with a defined chemical composition
Freshman Year
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