When was dominance Aristotelan worldview
300 BCE - 1600 CE
Aristotle
384 - 322 BCE
Newtonian worldview + Newton
Newton: 1642 - 1727 CE
Early 1600:
- included knowledge on 100 basic elements, objects guided by external forces (gravity),behaviour planets same as earth laws physics
How did heliocentric view come into place
- Julian calendar ran outta phase -> Gregorian, required lots of observation and calculation
- Copernicus (1473-1543): but not simpler yet and no evidence
- Kepler made elliptical orbits 1680
- Galilei: direct observation by telescope: cyclical changes in distance (and thus size) of venus and mars -> revolve around sun. ‘Dialogue concerning the two chief world systems’ 1630
Why did mechanization happen and when
- Emancipation of the artisan class: thinkers started to collaborate with craftsmen -> inventions
- A change from purely natural philosophy towards instrumentality: not understand the whole world, but practical implications and technological achievement became an issue of science Aristotle eg separated the two (philosophy of heavens vs astronomy)
- Increasing appreciation of the idea that you could strive to understand how a small part behaves, instead of trying to explain what the entire world means/is (eg newtons laws of gravity are exploitable, not explanatory)
Modern science is?
Natural philosophy + instrumentality
Experimental
Acknowledges no authority but nature
In line with mechanistic world picture instead of organistic
Tries as much as possible to quantify in mathematical terms
Bacon 1620
Stressed in novum organum importance of observation, induction, experiments. Need to combine perception and reasoning bc neither alone can cause progress. This was Aristotles problem. Bacon saw that perception could be biased. To correct for confirmation bias, attention should be brought to deviations.
Precursor falisification, hypotheses (crucial instances)
Took inspiration from craftsmen: scientist should experiment! Experimenta lucifera and experimenta fructifera
Application of his method was reason science became so succesful in 17th century
Some say he focused a lot on data (with his structuring of the three tables)
Why and how did the revolution happen
- geographical revolution: sailors discovered ptolemy and the ancients were wrong about geography and didnt know shit. relied on their own experience.
- mechanicism (invention of clock)
- learned societies, universities, no disasters
- bacon and induction, copernicus and heliocentrism
- invention of instruments: overcoming perceptual limits of observation (microscope, telescope)
- absence of repressive religion
- printing press (more time for knowledge generation rather than copying books, books became widely available,less errors)
- growth model of science (instead of static: ancients no longer authority)
- dualism allowed for the study of the body and brain without offending religion
Natural vs experimantal history according to Bacon, what is relation to axioms?
Natural history (observation) to formulate lower and middle axioms, then after experimental histories (manipulation and experimentation) to get to higher axioms
Impact scientific revolution
< manual labour, > production -> Industrial revolution
longer life, better health
> literacy
> knowledge and education
< working conditions
> pollution
knowledge became distributed (specialised knowledge)
- science became means of upward social mobility
-new type of knowledge necessary: intellectual -> more focus on individual
Renaissance, contributing factors
Rebirth of the Classics (paintings, architecture), increased status of science after Medieval times
- foundation universities
- greek and arabic texts used
- 13th to 17th century
