Why might organisations improve/change their IS
To keep up with the pace of technologies, evolution, stay relevant, and to remain competitve.
What is the 5 step process to implement/designt a new IS
- System Analysis
- Conceptual Desgin
- Physical Design
- Implementation and Conversion
- Operations and maintenance
Who are the players (those needed) to develope AIS?
Managment, Users, System steering commitee, Project development team, System analysis, Computer Specialists, External players.
The role of Managment
Emphasize the importance of involving users in the process, to provide support for development projects, and to align systems with corporate strategies.
The role of Users
They communicate their information needs to system developers. They help to manage system development.
The role of System Steering Committe
High level managment who plan and oversee the IS function. They set policies that govern the AIS ensuring top managment guiadance and control.
The role of System Analysis
They help users to determine their information needs, study existing systems and design new ones.
The role of Project Development Team
They plan each project, monitor it to ensure timely and cost-effective completion, ensure proper consideration is given to the human element and communicate status to managment/steering committee.
The role of Computer Specialists
They write andd test programms using the specifications developed by the analysist whilst modifying and maintaing the existing computer programs
The role of External Players
Customers, auditors, vendors, and governal entites play a role in system development.
Advantages to planning SD
- Enables the goals/objectives to correspond to the organisations overall strategic plan.
- Systems are more efficent.
- Mitigates duplication, wasted effort, extra costs, and overruns.
- the system is less costly to maintain
Project Development Plan
Prepared by the project team. Documents showing the project requirments, cost/benefit analysis, how the project will be completed.
Master Plan
Prepared by the informastion systems committee. Describes what the system will consist of, how it will be developed, who will develope it, when it will be developed, how resourses will be obtained, stauts of projects in process, priortization of projects. 3 year plan is common with it being updated quarterly or monthly.
Planning technique: PERT
Program Evaluation and Review Techniques. Uses a visual chart to map project tasks and estimate their duration, especially for complex and uncertain projects.
Planning technique: GANTT
Uses a horizontal bar chart to visualize a project schedule, showing tasks, their duration, dependencies, and milestones against a timeline.
5 aspects of feasibility study
- Economic: Does the sytems benefits justify the means used to implement it
- Technical: Can the system be implemented using the available technologies.
- Legal: Does the system comply with all laws, regulations, and contractual obligations.
- Scheduling: Can the system be developed and implemented in an allocated period.
- Operational: Does the organisation have the personell to develope, implement, operate, and maintain. Will the employees use it.
Three capital budgeting techniques
- Payback period: number of years it takes for the net savings to equal the initial cost of investment. Shortest payback period is optimal
- NPV: Estimated future cashflows are discounted back to present using a discount rate. Highets +ve NPV is optimal.
- Internal rate of return: Effective interest rate the results in a NPV of zero, projects IRR i socmpared with a minimum acceptance rate. Highest IRR is optimal.
Types of bahvioural aspects of change
- fear: unknown, losing jobs, status, failure, tech, automation.
- Top managment: Employess who sense a lack of support from top managments support for change may also not endorse it.
- Prior Experiance
- Lack of communication
5.Disruptive nature of change - How change is introduced
3 ways users may resist change
- Aggression: Intend to destroy, cripple, or worsen the systems effectiveness deliberatley via sabotage.
- Projection: May become the scapegoat as users may blame any unrelated or imaginary issues on the new system.
- Avoidance: users may neglect the new system in hopes that it disappears.
4 types of System Conversion
1.Direct: Old system is immediatley terminated and replaced with new sytem.
2. Parrallel: Both old and new system run simultaneously for a period.
3. Phase-in: gradually replace parts of old system with new system.
4. Pilot: New system is tested in specific parts of organisation.
System Analysis (ISFIS)
- Initial Investigation: Figure out the requirements for the systems development. Percieved problem may not be the real problem
- System Surveys: Extensive study of current AIS, gain support for new AIS, obtain data and understand user needs.
- Feasibility study: Determine if project is viable.
- Informations needs/System requirments: Once deemed feasible, identify needs of users and document system requirements.
- System analysis report: summarise and document analysis activities. Go/ No GO decision is made at steps 1, 3 and 5.
Conceptual Design
Developers creating a framework fro implementing user requirements and solving the problems identified.
1. evaluate desgine alternatives.
2. prepare design specifications
3. prepare conceptual systems design report
Physiscal Systems Design
AIS requirments of conceptual design are translated into detail specifications used to code and test the computer design.
Implementation and conversion
The process of installing hardware and software as well as geting the AIS up and running. In the phase the site will be prepared, staff will be trained, and the system will be tested.
