Section 1

Question 1

3 stress phases

Answer 1

1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion

Question 2

9 types of muscle tension caused by trapped emotions

Answer 2

1. shoulder tension = burdens and responsibilities
2. neck tension =fear and repressed self expression
3. upper back =grief sorrow sadness
4. middle back =insecurity
5. lower back guilt shame
6. stomach =inability to process emotion

Question 3

stress theories

Answer 3

1. life events theory -allostatic load
2. hardiness theory
3. social support theory

Question 4

allostatic load

Answer 4

the cumulative biological wear and tear that results from responses to stress that seek to maintain body equilibrium

Question 5

stressor

Answer 5

stimulus with the potential for triggering fight or flight

Question 6

parts of the brain activated by stressors

Answer 6

1. pituitary gland
2. thyroid
3. parathyroid
4. adrenal glands
5. hypothalamus

Question 7

strain

Answer 7

physical
physiological
behavioral

Question 8

females nurture when stressed called

Answer 8

tend and befriend

Question 9

males exhibit more fight or flight

Answer 9

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Question 10

who defined stress this way

The stimulus. This is our definition of stressor.

2. The response. This is our definition of stress reactivity and strain.
3. The whole spectrum of interacting factors. This is definition.
4. The stimulus-response interaction.

Answer 10

ways of defining stress by lazarus

Question 11

define stress

Answer 11

the difference between stress and pressure

Question 12

stress=pressure-adaptibilty

Answer 12

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Question 13

stress is defined by the book as

Answer 13

the combination of a stressor, stress reactivity, and strain.

Question 14

the brains two parts

Answer 14

cerebral cortex (upper part of brain)
subcortex (lower part of brain)

Question 15

sub cortex includes

Answer 15

1. cerebellum
2. medulla oblongata
3. pons
4. diencephalon

Question 16

cerebellum

Answer 16

coordinates body movements

Question 17

medulla oblongata

Answer 17

1. regulates heartbeat
2. respiration
3. basic physiological processes

Question 18

pons

Answer 18

regulates sleep cycle

Question 19

diencephalon

Answer 19

1. regulates emotions

Question 20

diencephalon made up of what

Answer 20

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

Question 21

thalamus

Answer 21

relays sensory impulses from other parts of the nervous system to the cerebral cortex

Question 22

hypothalamus

Answer 22

1. primary activator of the autonomic nervous system

Question 23

autonomic nervous system

Answer 23

controls basic body processes like

1. hormones,
2. temperature,
3. constriction and dilation of blood

Question 24

limbic system includes

Answer 24

1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
3. diencephalon

Question 25

limbic system is concerned with

Answer 25

emotions and the behavioral expression

Question 26

what emotions does the limbic system produce in response to physical and psychological signals

Answer 26

1. fear 2. anxiety 3. joy

Question 27

cerebral cortex is called

Answer 27

gray matter

Question 28

what does the cerebral cortex control

Answer 28

higher order abstract functioning such as language and judgment

Question 29

the cerebral cortex also recognizes more primitive areas of the brain when the diencephalon finds fear the cerebral cortex checks it for real danger and decides if it necessary

Answer 29

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Question 30

reticular activating system (RAS)

Answer 30

1. This network of nerves, the RAS, can be considered the connection between mind and body. 2. The RAS is a complex collection of neurons serving as a point of convergence for signals from the outside world and the internal environment. 3. If the RAS doesn’t excite the neurons of the cortex as much as it ought to, then an under- aroused cortex results in such effects as difficulty in learning, poor memory, and little self-control. 4. RAS is too excited and arouses the cortex too much, we would see stressful responses such as being easily startled, hypervigilance, restlessness, and hyperactivity.

Question 31

The limbic system is where emotion evolves and the thalamus is the switchboard, deterring what to do with the incoming messages

Answer 31

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Question 32

When the hypothalamus experiences a stressor, it activates the two major stress reactivity pathways:

Answer 32

1. the endocrine system and the | 2. autonomic nervous system.

Question 33

To activate the endocrine system:

Answer 33

the anterior portion of the hypothalamus releases corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), which instructs the pituitary gland at the base of the brain to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH then activates the adrenal cortex to secrete corticoid hormones.

Question 34

To activate the auto-nomic nervous system:

Answer 34

a message is sent by the posterior part of the hypothalamus via a nerve pathway to the adrenal medulla.

Question 35

Hypothalamus other abilities:

Answer 35

One of these is the releas-ing of thyrotropic hormone releasing factor (TRF) from its anterior portion, which instructs the pituitary to secrete thyrotropic hormone (TTH). TTH then stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete the hormone thyroxin.2 Stress Psychophysiology 29hypothalamus also stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH)

Question 36

the hippocampus is the part of the brain that “sounds the alarm” that stress is present.

Answer 36

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Question 37

glucocorticoids are hormones released by:

Answer 37

the adrenal gland

Question 38

The endocrine system includes:

Answer 38

1. pituitary, 2. thyroid, 3. parathyroid, and 4. adrenal glands 5. pancreas, 6. ovaries, 7. testes, 8. pineal gland, 9. thymus gland.

Question 39

When the anterior hypothalamus releases CRF, and the pituitary then releases ACTH, the outer layer of the adrenal glands, the adrenal cortex, secretes glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Answer 39

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Question 40

glucocorticoids regulate metabolism of glucose, and mineral cor-ticoids regulate the balance between sodium and potassium.

Answer 40

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Question 41

The primary glucocor-ticoid is the hormone:

Answer 41

cortisol

Question 42

the primary mineralocorticoid is:

Answer 42

aldosterone

Question 43

When glycogen is depleted, the liver can produce glucose from amino acids. This process is termed:

Answer 43

gluconeogenesis.

Question 44

The manner in which aldosterone raises blood pressure is to increase blood volume. This is accomplished in two ways:

Answer 44

a decrease in urine production and an increase in sodium retention.

Question 45

Although health scientists are not in total agreement regarding the point at which hypertension (high blood pressure) begins, generally a systolic reading consistently above 140 or a diastolic reading consistently above 90 is considered harmful.

Answer 45

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Question 46

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 46

1. constricts pupils 2. increase saliva 3. decreases heart rate 4. indirectly dilates blood vessels 5. constricts bronchi 6. decreases blood flow to skeletal muscles 7. increases stomach and intestine motility, increases blood flow to GO tract, and increase digestive enzyme secretion 8. contracts bladder

Question 47

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 47

1. dilates pupile to enhance far vision 2. decreases saliva production 3. increases heart rate 4. constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure 5. dilates bronchi to allow more air into lungs 6. increases blood flow to skeletal muscles 7. reduces stomach and intestine motility adirverts blood flow away fro go tract rescues digestive enzyme secretion 9. release fglucose to increase blood sugar 10. stimulate adrenal glands to secret streets hormone 11. relaxes bladder

Question 48

bracing

Answer 48

unnecessary muscle tension

Question 49

skeletal muscles

Answer 49

muscles attached to the bones

Question 50

sooth muscles

Answer 50

muscles that control the contraction of internal organs

Question 51

galvanic skin responses

Answer 51

the electrodermal response or the electrical conductance of the skin