Pentathlon Science > Section 1 AI > Flashcards

Section 1 AI Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the typical mass of an adult human?

A

About 60 to 70 kg.

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2
Q

What is mass sometimes referred to in terms of?

A

Inertia, or resistance to changes in motion.

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3
Q

What is the third type of particle found in the atom?

A

Electron.

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4
Q

Where do electrons exist in relation to the nucleus?

A

Far outside the nucleus, orbiting around it.

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5
Q

How many protons and electrons does a hydrogen atom typically have?

A

One proton and one electron.

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6
Q

How many protons and electrons does an oxygen atom typically have?

A

Eight protons and eight electrons.

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7
Q

What defines an element?

A

Its number of protons.

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8
Q

Do neutrons play a role in electricity?

A

No, they are electrically neutral.

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9
Q

What is electric charge?

A

A fundamental quantity of particles.

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10
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

Positive.

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11
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

Negative.

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12
Q

What happens to oppositely charged particles?

A

They are attracted to each other.

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13
Q

What happens to particles with the same type of charge?

A

They are repelled.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: A proton and an electron will ______ each other.

A

Attract.

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15
Q

True or False: Neutrons have an electric charge.

A

False.

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16
Q

What keeps electrons in orbit around protons?

A

The attraction between oppositely charged particles.

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17
Q

Who is Benjamin Franklin?

A

A founding father of the United States who was never president.

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18
Q

What significant document did Franklin help draft?

A

The Declaration of Independence.

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19
Q

Why was Franklin popular in France?

A

His involvement in the founding of the United States and efforts to promote the Declaration of Independence.

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20
Q

What device did Franklin read about that could store electricity?

A

Leyden jar.

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21
Q

What is a Leyden jar?

A

A device that can store electricity and deliver an electric shock.

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22
Q

What phenomenon did Franklin refer to as ‘electrical fire’?

A

The ability of certain materials to attract or repel objects due to electric charge.

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23
Q

What important discovery did Franklin make regarding electric charge?

A

Electric charge is conserved, meaning it cannot be created or destroyed.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: Franklin discovered that objects could _______ or repel things based on electric charge.

A

attract

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25
True or False: Franklin was involved in politics before he became popular in France.
False
26
What did Franklin build out of interest in electricity?
His own devices.
27
What type of entertainment did Franklin's experiments with electricity provide?
Electric shocks.
28
Fill in the blank: Franklin's experiments led him to understand that certain objects tend to pick up or lose _______.
electric charge
29
What is Benjamin Franklin best known for in the context of electricity?
His experiments with kites and thunderstorms ## Footnote Franklin's experiments were crucial in demonstrating that lightning is an electrical phenomenon.
30
Did Benjamin Franklin actually hold a key attached to a kite during a thunderstorm?
No, he did not. ## Footnote Holding a key in a thunderstorm would have been dangerous, and Franklin used a sheltered setup to conduct his experiments.
31
What did Franklin use to measure static electricity during his experiments?
A key attached to a stand surrounded by a small shelter ## Footnote This setup allowed him to safely measure the electrical buildup from the storm.
32
What is the composition of atoms?
Atoms are composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons ## Footnote Electrons are the charged particles that move between atoms, while protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus.
33
What is the nucleus of an atom composed of?
Protons and neutrons ## Footnote The nucleus is at the center of the atom, similar to the Sun in the solar system.
34
How do protons and neutrons compare in terms of mass?
They both have nearly the same mass ## Footnote The mass of protons and neutrons is fundamental to understanding atomic behavior.
35
What is the unit of measurement for mass in physics?
Kilograms (kg) ## Footnote Mass is a fundamental quantity that determines an object's response to forces.
36
Fill in the blank: Atoms can be visualized as a miniature version of the _______.
solar system ## Footnote This analogy helps in understanding the structure of atoms, with the nucleus at the center.
37
True or False: Franklin's kite experiment was a well-known revelation about electricity.
True ## Footnote At the time, proving that lightning was electrical was a significant breakthrough.
38
What does Isaac Newton's first law of motion state?
An object's inertia will allow it to keep going as long as there are no forces to stop it. ## Footnote This law highlights the concept of inertia, which is the tendency of an object to resist changes in its state of motion.
39
How is the strength of a force measured?
In newtons, where one newton is about the weight of an apple. ## Footnote The newton is the SI unit of force, named after Sir Isaac Newton.
40
What does the term 'forces' refer to?
The interactions between objects, specifically how one object can change the motion of another object. ## Footnote Forces can include pushes, pulls, and gravitational effects.
41
According to Newton's second law of motion, how does an object respond to a force?
An object feeling a force will accelerate in the direction of that force. ## Footnote This law is often summarized by the formula F = ma (Force = mass × acceleration).
42
What effect does more force have on acceleration?
More force means more acceleration. ## Footnote This implies that the greater the force applied to an object, the greater its change in velocity.
43
How do mass and acceleration relate according to Newton's laws?
Objects with more mass will have greater resistance to forces, resulting in less acceleration when pushed with the same force. ## Footnote This principle explains why lighter objects can accelerate faster than heavier ones under the same force.
44
What does Newton's third law of motion state?
Every action has an equivalent reaction. ## Footnote This means that forces come in pairs; if one object exerts a force on another, the second object exerts the same force back.
45
What happens when object A exerts a force on object B?
Object B will exert that same force back on object A. ## Footnote This interaction is fundamental in understanding how forces operate in pairs.
46
Why do the Earth and the Sun not equally accelerate toward each other?
The Earth has much less mass than the Sun, resulting in greater acceleration due to gravity for the Earth compared to the Sun. ## Footnote This difference in mass explains the relative motion between the two bodies despite the equal force they exert on each other.
47
What is the effect of the Earth's gravity on the Sun?
The Sun is accelerated a tiny bit by the Earth's gravity, but the effect is minimal compared to the Earth's motion. ## Footnote This illustrates the concept of gravitational influence in a two-body system.
48
What do protons and electrons experience due to their electrical attraction?
They are pulled equally by their electrical attraction since they have the same amount of charge
49
Why do protons and electrons not experience the same acceleration?
A proton has over a thousand times the mass of an electron
50
What happens to the acceleration of protons and electrons when the same force is applied?
The proton will experience much less acceleration than the electron
51
How does the movement of electrons compare to that of protons within an atom?
Electrons will be flung around while the nucleus stays relatively stationary
52
What analogy is used to explain the difference in movement between protons and electrons?
An extreme version of a parent swinging their child around by the arms
53
What are protons and neutrons made of?
Even smaller fundamental particles known as quarks
54
Are protons considered fundamental particles in the context of electricity?
Yes, they are treated as fundamental particles for explaining electricity and atomic interactions
55
What is the status of electrons in terms of fundamental particles?
Electrons are truly fundamental and are not made of anything smaller
56
What should we keep in mind about scientific models?
Science involves building models that approximate reality; their usefulness is more important than their accuracy
57
When do we need to model protons as quarks?
When probing deep within the nucleus and explaining nuclear reactions
58
Fill in the blank: A proton has over a thousand times the mass of an _______.
electron
59
True or False: Electrons experience less acceleration than protons when a force is applied.
False
60
What is scientific notation?
A way to write numbers that are both very big and very small in a compact abbreviated form ## Footnote It simplifies calculations and representations of large or small quantities in physics.
61
How is the mass of the Sun expressed in scientific notation?
2 × 10^30 kg ## Footnote This represents 2 followed by 30 zeros.
62
What does the power of 10 indicate in scientific notation?
How many zeros are after the first digit ## Footnote For example, 10^2 is 100, and 10^3 is 1,000.
63
How can the mass of a single proton be expressed in scientific notation?
1 × 10^-27 kg ## Footnote The negative exponent indicates division by 10.
64
What does a negative exponent in scientific notation signify?
Dividing by 10 rather than multiplying ## Footnote For example, 10^-1 is 0.1.
65
How does scientific notation facilitate conversion between metric units?
By simplifying multiplication and division by 10 ## Footnote The metric system is based on powers of ten.
66
In scientific notation, how is 1 kilogram expressed in grams?
1 × 10^3 grams ## Footnote Because 1 kilogram equals 1,000 grams.
67
How is 1 gram expressed in kilograms using scientific notation?
1 × 10^-3 kilograms ## Footnote This indicates that 1 gram is one-thousandth of a kilogram.
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