mac science > section 3: Energy > Flashcards

section 3: Energy Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

What is Energy?

A

The ability to change or move matter

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2
Q

What are the two types of energy?

A

Kinetic energy (KE) and Potential energy (PE)

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3
Q

What are the two types of potential energy?

A

Gravitational PE and chemical PE

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4
Q

Kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion or movement

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5
Q

Potential energy

A

Stored energy

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6
Q

Gravitational PE

A

Stored as the result of opposing a gravitational force

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7
Q

Chemical PE

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds

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8
Q

What is thermodynamics?

A

Moving energy

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9
Q

1st Law of Thermodynamics: Law of Conservation of Energy

A
  • in a system energy cannot be created or destroyed (energy can be transferred and transformed but cant just disappear)
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10
Q

2nd Law of Thermodynamics:

A
  • the entropy of the universe is increasing in any interaction
    B) PE initial > PE final (true in any interaction)
  • universe prefers to go downhill (spread out)
    -energy flows in one direction, not cyclical
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11
Q

What is entropy?

A

measure of disorder/ randomness

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12
Q

3rd Law of Thermodynamics:

A
  • absolute zero is unattainable

a) at 0 K entropy is at its minimum

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13
Q

Why is absolute zero unattainable?

A

it is not possible to reach absolute zero in a finite # of steps, therefore impossible to reach absolute zero

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14
Q

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics:

A
  • if two thermodynamic systems are each in thermal equilibrium with a third, then they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other
    a) if A=B and B=C, then A=C
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15
Q

What is Temperature?

A

It is the measure of the average KE of all the particles of an object

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16
Q

Celsius:

A

(°C) based on the boiling point (100) and freezing point (0) of water
-variable: t

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17
Q

Fahrenheit:

A

(°F) based on the freezing point of a concentrated salt water solution
-variable: TF

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18
Q

Kelvin:

A

(K) based on absolute zero

-variable: T

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19
Q

ºC ——> K (t —-> T)

A

T=t+273

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20
Q

K ——> ºC (T —-> t)

A

t=T-273

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21
Q

Heat:

A

the energy transferred b/w objects b/c of a difference in temperature

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22
Q

Thermal energy: energy in transfer

A

the sum of the KE and PE of the particles in an object

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23
Q

Joule (J)

A

The derived unit for energy

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24
Q

Joule

A

kg * m^2 / s^2

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25
Energy transfer as heat can occur in 3 ways…
1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation
26
Conduction
the transfer of energy as heat b/w particles as they collide within a substance or b/w two objects in contact
27
Convection:
The transfer of energy by the movement of fluids (liquid + gas) with different temperatures
28
Convection currents:
the flow of a fluid due to heated expansion followed by cooling + contraction
29
Radiation:
the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves (ex. sand on a beach heated bc of the sun) A) does not require physical contact
30
Conductor:
A material through which energy can be easily transferred as heat - solids are better conductors than gases b/c they are more dense - metals are better conductors than nonmetals
31
Insulator:
A material that is a poor energy conductor 1. Slow the transfer of energy as heat 2. Wood and air are good insulators
32
What are R values?
R values indicate resistance to heat flow
33
If an R value is a high # then…
It is a better insulator
34
Data table:
info. displayed in organized rows and columns
35
Graphs:
Visual displays of info. or data
36
All graphs must be titled with a ______
Graph # and concise description
37
Bar graphs;
Used to show comparisons- 1 variable between several named categories
38
Line graphs:
Used to show trends or continuous change
39
extrapolation
method used to approximate values that are beyond data points on the graph
40
Interpolation
Method used to approximate values between data points on the graph
41
Circle graph
Used to show a fixed quantity broken into parts
42
Mechanical energy (ME)
The sum of the PE and KE of a system
43
Thermal energy
The sum of the PE and KE of an object/ substance
44
Specific heat
The amount of energy (transferred as heat) required to raise the temp. of 1 kg of substance by 1 K
45
Specific heat is ____
Constant to each substance
46
Thermal energy equation:
Q= c * m * change t
47
Kinetic theory of matter
All matter is made up of tiny particles in random motion
48
Solids:
- definite shape/ vol. - enough KE to vibrate but not move out of position - arranged in crystals (repeating geometric pattern)
49
Amorphous solids
Solid w/o true crystal structure (ex. Glass)
50
Liquids:
- definite vol. + indefinite shape | - enough KE to vibrate over and around e/o but particles are still close together
51
Gases:
- indefinite shape/ vol. - can expand or shrink to fit container - particles have enough energy to separate from e/o
52
Plasma:
- a gas like mixture of positive/negatively charged particles - so hot that the electrons are stripped away from from the nucleus of the atom - most common form of matter in the universe (sun) - enough KE to collide violently with e/o causing them to break into smaller charged particles
53
Thermal expansion
Most matter expands when it gets hotter and contracts when it cools
54
Vaporization
Liquid to gas AT boiling point
55
Evaporation
Liquid to gas BELOW the boiling point
56
Sublimation
Solid to gas skipping over liquid (ex. Dry ice)
57
Deposition
Gas to solid skipping over liquid (ex. Frost on a window)
58
State changes occur when _____
The particles of the substance absorb/release a certain amount of energy
59
Heat of fusion
the amount of energy needed to change a material from the solid state to a liquid state
60
Heat of vaporization
The amount of energy needed to change a material from a liquid state to a gas
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