Section 4

Question 1

Hare’s two levels of moral reasoning

p.194 course pack

Answer 1

1. Intuitive: based on your initial reaction to a situation.\
   - Based on beliefs, influenced by culture
   - May be detrimental to oppressed groups due to the implicit bias towards some groups
   - May lead to moral relativism
2. Critical
   - Focused on basic ethical rules and higher level norms

Question 2

What aspects of ethical decision making did feminists think were missing?

Taken from article on p.193

Answer 2

1. One’s personal experience
2. Situational elements
3. Therapist as a person (experience, culture, style)
4. Countertransference
5. Therapists own feelings of competence
6. Consultants personality, values, style
7. The client should be included in the process

Question 3

Explain how ethical principles may be interpreted in a way that harms clients

p.196 course pack

Answer 3

Nonmaleficence: historically, women were viewed at fault for domestic violence. ‘Do no harm’, was interpreted as telling them to calm down, and sending them back home.
Beneficence: What does ‘doing good’ look like for different clients? How is it impacted by someones world view? (e.g. conversion therapy can be interpreted as doing good for the client)

Question 4

Feminist Model for Ethical Decision Making

p.208 course pack

Answer 4

1. Recognize the problem
   - Identify feelings that may be hindering your understanding of the situation
2. Defining the problem
   - who is affected by the ethical concern?
   - what are my feelings telling me?
   - collaborate with client at this stage
3. Developing the solution
   - cost-benefit analysis–involves identifying maleficence & beneficence)
   - order of priority in regards to ethical principles may emerge
   - during cost-benefit analysis, pay attention to your intuitions
4. Choosing a solution
   - is it a best fit emotionally and rationally?
   - does it meet everyone’s needs?
   - Can I live with this decision?
5. Reviewing process
   - How are my values influencing the solution I choose?
   - Will my decision pass the public/universality tests? What about the golden rule test?
6. Implementing/evaluating a decision
   - ongoing reassessment of the dilemma/results
7. Continuing reflection
   - Therapist should integrate the experience in someway, and use it to learn and avoid such instances in the future

Question 5

What are the 3 main ethical issues in the Huss article?
elementary counsellor

article starts on p.215 course pack

Answer 5

1. Who is the client?
   - No clear legislation
   - Ethically, the student is the client; legally, the parent is. This must be constantly balanced.
   - To deal with this: keep all stakeholders informed of the child’s and others rights
2. Confidentiality
   -Not clear, even in ethical standards for school counsellors (USA).
   +Section A states to protect confidentiality
   +Section B2 to inform parents of confidentiality rights, but B1 states to respect rights of the parents
3. Privileged communication
   - Is a legal term, means that you are protected from having your confidential information shared publicly in court
   - These laws vary between states/provinces

Question 6

Huss
What professional responses should school counsellors take to address these challenges?

article starts on p.215 course pack

Answer 6

1. Educate yourself
   - With ethics codes and provincial laws & agency policies
   - Belong to organizations and do professional development
2. Educate the public
   - Educate all school staff members and parents on rights of children/parents/staff
   - If a parent is being a turd: reframe the situation and focus on appropriate sharing of information

Question 7

Huss
What are ways counsellors can practice risk management when working in a school?

article starts on p.215 course pack

Answer 7

1. Release of information forms
   - Covers your butt plus conveys seriousness of situation (p.222 for what info goes on these)
2. Scope of practice document
   - Practice within your competency and ensure others know what your competencies are
3. Informed consent
   - Suggestion: have a blanket informed consent that is signed by all children and parents at beginning of year
   - Is assent needed?

Question 8

What “new issues” are facing school counsellors?
What challenge does this present school counsellors with?

p.215 course pack

Answer 8

1. Guns, more diagnoses mental illness, more need for family interventions
2. Advocate for and protect the legal rights of students while honoring the legal rights of parents.