Describe and explain 3 ways in which mitochondria are adapted for respiration
- The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into crtistae, which increases the membrane’s surface area
- There are lots of ATP Synthase molecules in the inner mitochondrial membrane to produce a lot of ATP in the final stage of respiration
- The mitochondrial matrix contains all the reactants and enzymes needed for the Krebs cycle to take place
Where in the cell does glycolysis take place
Cytoplasm
What is the ATP used for in glycolysis
To phosphorylate glucose making triose phosphate
How is pyruvate transported into the mitochondria
Active Transport `
Where in the mitochondria does the link reaction take place
mitochondrial matrix
In the link reaction, pyruvate is converted into acetate. Describe how this happens
- Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form carbon dioxide
- NAD is reduced by collecting a hydrogen from pyruvate
- acetate formed
What is the role of coenzyme A in the Link Reaction
- Co A combines with acetate to form acetyl co enzyme A
- NADH is used in oxidative phosphorylation
What happens to the products of the link reaction
Acetyl Co A enters krebs cycle
NADH enters oxidative phosphorylation
carbon dioxide is released as a waste gas
what is the name of the process that converts ADP and an intermediate to ATP in the Krebs cycle
substrate level phosphorylation
During Oxidative Phosphorylation, what happens to the electrons as they move down the electron transport chain
They lose energy
Give three reasons why the actual yield of ATP from aerobic respiration is less than the predicted theoretical yield
- Some NADH is used for other reactions other than oxidative phosphorylation
- Some ATP is used up actively transporting substances into the mitochondria
- Inner mitochondrial membrane is leaky so some protons may leak into the matrix without passing through ATP Synthase and therefore not making ATP
In a respirometer, what is the function of the potassium hydroxide solution
It absorbs carbon dioxide
What is the chemiostatic theory
The theory that energy lost from electrons moving down the electron transport chain creates a proton gradient which is then used to synthesise ATP
Where in the cell does anaerobic respiration take place
cytoplasm
In which organisms does lactate fermentation take place
mammals and some bacteria
Describe what happens to pyruvate in lactate fermentation
-NADH transfers hydrogen to pyruvate to make lactate and ATP
Describe what happens to ethanal in alcoholic fermentation
-NADH transfers hydrogen to ethanal to make ethanol and ATP
What is a respiratory substrate
Any biological molecule that can be broken down in respiration to release energy
