Self-Actualization

Question 1

According to Carl Rogers, the actualizing tendency refers to:

A) The drive to meet social expectations
B) The tendency to develop capabilities that maintain or enhance the organism
C) The drive to seek rewards and avoid punishments
D) The need for esteem and recognition

Answer 1

B) The tendency to develop capabilities that maintain or enhance the organism

Question 2

Which of the following best defines a fully functioning person?
A) Someone whose self-concept is fixed and resistant to change
B) Someone who is open to experience, trusts their feelings, and lives meaningfully
C) Someone who lives according to others’ expectations
D) Someone who suppresses painful emotions

Answer 2

B) Someone who is open to experience, trusts their feelings, and lives meaningfully

Question 3

__ is the complete realisation of one’s full potential, including creative, intellectual, and social potential, through an internal drive.

Answer 3

Self-actualization

Question 4

Organismic valuing process in Rogers’s theory refers to:
A) External judgment by others
B) An inner evaluation system guiding one toward self-enhancing experiences
C) A form of self-punishment for mistakes
D) A defense mechanism for incongruence

Answer 4

B) An inner evaluation system guiding one toward self-enhancing experiences

Question 5

__ __ __ is a concept that involve the fundamental acceptance and support of a person regardless of their actions or behaviour.

Answer 5

Unconditional positive regard

Question 6

__ __ __ is defined as when someone’s acceptance, love, or esteem is dependent on another person meeting certain conditions or expectations.

Answer 6

Conditional positive regard

Question 7

__ __ __ is a behaviour where affection, esteem, and/or approval are withdrawn or diminished when an individual’s actions or performance do not meet another’s expectations.

Answer 7

Conditional negative regard

Question 8

Which of the following statements about positive regard is TRUE?
A) Conditional positive regard leads to unconditional self-acceptance
B) Unconditional positive regard fosters congruence and self-actualization
C) Positive regard is unrelated to self-esteem
D) Conditional positive regard strengthens authenticity

Answer 8

B) Unconditional positive regard fosters congruence and self-actualization

Question 9

__ __ __ are beliefs we internalise that we must meet certain external demands to be accepted, loved, or worthy of positive regard.

Answer 9

Conditions of worth

Question 10

__ __ is the sense of self-worth that is dependent on meeting external expectations, rather than an internal stable sense of self.

Answer 10

Conditional self-regard

Question 11

Conditions of worth arise when:
A) We act only to gain acceptance from others
B) We are guided by intrinsic interest
C) We ignore others’ evaluations entirely
D) We experience organismic valuing fully

Answer 11

A) We act only to gain acceptance from others

Question 12

In Rogers’s model, incongruence between the actual self and ideal self results in:
A) Increased self-esteem
B) Disorganization and anxiety
C) Enhanced motivation
D) Self-determined behaviour

Answer 12

B) Disorganization and anxiety

Question 13

Which defense corresponds to distortion of experience?
A) Rationalizing hurtful behaviour as harmless
B) Refusing to acknowledge failure (denial)
C) Avoiding social contact
D) Projection of impulses

Answer 13

A) Rationalizing hurtful behaviour as harmless

Question 14

According to Ed Deci and Richard Ryan, what are the three needs that need to be satisfied to have a life of growth, integrity, and well-being?

A) Achievement, Power, and Affiliation
B) Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness
C) Safety, Belongingness, and Esteem
D) Independence, Creativity, and Purpose

Answer 14

B) Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness

Question 15

Maslow’s hierarchy moves from lower deficiency-based needs to higher growth-based needs. Which is a growth need?
A) Safety
B) Belongingness
C) Esteem
D) Self-actualization

Answer 15

D) Self-actualization

Question 16

In self-determination theory, the degree of autonomy increases from:
A) External → Introjected → Identified → Integrated → Intrinsic
B) Introjected → External → Identified → Intrinsic
C) Integrated → External → Intrinsic → Identified
D) Intrinsic → Integrated → External → Introjected

Answer 16

A) External → Introjected → Identified → Integrated → Intrinsic

Question 17

In self-determination theory, actions that are __ are usually ones that fulfil intrinsic interest and value to the individual.

Answer 17

self-determined

Question 18

In self-determination theory, actions that are __ are usually ones to gain payment or satisfy some external pressure, it can also be entirely internal (like guilt).

Answer 18

controlled

Question 19

In Self-Determination Theory, actions that are __ are usually ones that fulfill intrinsic interest and value to the individual.

A) Controlled
B) Self-determined
C) Externally regulated
D) Introjected

Answer 19

B) Self-determined

Question 20

Which of the following situations best illustrates a self-determined action according to Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan)?

A) Amir studies long hours every night because his parents will scold him if he fails.
B) Jia Ling goes jogging every morning because she enjoys how energized and alive it makes her feel.
C) Ravi volunteers at a community event only because it will look good on his résumé.
D) Maria practices piano daily solely to win a competition and earn prize money.

Answer 20

B) Jia Ling goes jogging every morning because she enjoys how energized and alive it makes her feel.

Question 21

Which of the following situations best illustrates a controlled action according to Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan)?

A) Ken practices the guitar daily because he genuinely enjoys the process of learning new songs.
B) Aisha studies hard for her exams because she feels guilty when she doesn’t meet her parents’ expectations.
C) Leo goes hiking every weekend because he finds it relaxing and meaningful.
D) Mei volunteers at an animal shelter because helping animals aligns with her personal values.

Answer 21

B) Aisha studies hard for her exams because she feels guilty when she doesn’t meet her parents’ expectations.

Question 22

__ is the complete lack of motivation, representing a state of indifference towards an activity.

Answer 22

Amotivation

Question 23

__ __ __ is a type of motivation where a person performs due to external pressure, such as salary or threats of expulsion, or internal pressure, such as guilt and shame, rather than personal choice.

Answer 23

Controlled extrinsic motivation

Question 24

__ __ __ is when a person performs an activity willingly because it aligns with their personal values, goals, or sense of self, even if it’s for an external reward.

Answer 24

Autonomous extrinsic motivation

Question 25

In self-determination theory, __ __ is a type of extrinsic motivation where behaviour is driven by external factors like rewards, punishments, or other controlling demands.

Answer 25

external regulation

Question 26

In self-determination theory, __ __ is a type of extrinsic motivation where individuals act to avoid guilt and shame, or to gain pride and self-esteem.

Answer 26

introjected regulation

Question 27

__ __ in self-determination theory is a form of extrinsic motivation where an individual consciously accepts a behaviour as being personally important and valued, even if they don't find the activity itself inherently enjoyable.

Answer 27

Identified regulation

Question 28

__ __ is the most autonomous form of extrinsic motivation within self-determination theory, where an individual's behaviour is guided by a personal value that is consciously and fully integrated with their other values and self-concept.

Answer 28

Integrated regulation

Question 29

Which situation best illustrates amotivation? A) Nadia signs up for a yoga class because her doctor recommended it. B) Amir attends coding lessons because he enjoys solving logical problems. C) Hani doesn’t see the point of studying anymore and skips class regularly, feeling indifferent about grades. D) Mei studies diligently because she values education.

Answer 29

C) Hani doesn’t see the point of studying anymore and skips class regularly, feeling indifferent about grades.

Question 30

Which of the following best shows external regulation? A) Ethan goes to work early every day to receive a monthly bonus. B) Aria exercises because she feels guilty when she skips a day. C) Dev studies because he values knowledge and learning. D) Lia paints because it makes her feel peaceful and happy.

Answer 30

A) Ethan goes to work early every day to receive a monthly bonus.

Question 31

Which example reflects introjected regulation? A) Sofia helps her friend move because she genuinely enjoys helping others. B) Rafi volunteers because his community expects him to do so, and he’d feel ashamed if he didn’t. C) Jun cycles daily because it aligns with his healthy lifestyle goals. D) Amy practices piano because she loves the music itself.

Answer 31

B) Rafi volunteers because his community expects him to do so, and he’d feel ashamed if he didn’t.

Question 32

Which of the following best illustrates identified regulation? A) Lila goes jogging every morning because it helps her stay healthy and focused at work. B) Tom attends church only to avoid disappointing his parents. C) Hana meditates daily because it’s part of who she is. D) Ben studies math because he loves solving puzzles.

Answer 32

A) Lila goes jogging every morning because it helps her stay healthy and focused at work.

Question 33

Which situation reflects integrated regulation? A) Nathan paints because creativity is an essential part of who he is. B) Erin studies medicine only because of job security. C) Max goes to the gym to avoid feeling lazy. D) Zara reads fiction because it’s fun and relaxing.

Answer 33

A) Nathan paints because creativity is an essential part of who he is.

Question 34

Which of the following demonstrates intrinsic motivation? A) Maya writes poetry because she feels alive and inspired when she creates. B) Zaid studies law because his parents insist. C) Alia helps her classmates to earn extra credit. D) Josh goes running because he’ll feel guilty if he doesn’t.

Answer 34

A) Maya writes poetry because she feels alive and inspired when she creates.

Question 35

Order the following types of regulation and motivation under self-determination theory in increasing amounts of autonomy level: i) Introjected Regulation ii) Identified Regulation iii) Integrated Regulation iv) External Regulation v) Intrinsic Motivation vi) Amotivation A) vi → iv → i → ii → iii → v B) iv → vi → i → ii → iii → v C) vi → i → iv → ii → iii → v D) iv → i → ii → iii → v → vi

Answer 35

A) vi → iv → i → ii → iii → v

Question 36

__ is one of three basic psychological needs in self-determination theory, referring to the need for close relationships, belonging, and feeling cared for by others.

Answer 36

Relatedness

Question 37

__ is one of three basic psychological needs in self-determination theory, referring to the need to perceive one's actions as self-chosen and self-endorsed, rather than controlled by external forces or internal pressures.

Answer 37

Autonomy

Question 38

__ is one of three basic psychological needs in self-determination theory, referring to the need to feel effective and capable of controlling one's environment, requiring the ability to develop skills, master challenges, and experience a sense of achievement.

Answer 38

Competence

Question 39

__ is the psychological principle that goals are more successfully pursued and lead to greater well-being when they align with an individual's core values and intrinsic interests.

Answer 39

Self-concordance

Question 40

Which characteristics of individuals who are high in self-concordance regarding its long-term spiral effect are correct? i) They try less effortfully ii) They have more satisfying experiences iii) They have greater wellbeing iv) They are more motivated for subsequent goals A) i and ii only B) ii, iii, and iv only C) i, iii, and iv only D) i, ii, iii, and iv

Answer 40

B) ii, iii, and iv only

Question 41

__ __ is a motivational response to threats to or loss of behavioural freedoms, leading to an unpleasant feeling and a desire to restore that freedom.

Answer 41

Psychological reactance

Question 42

Which of the following situations best illustrates the concept of reactance, as described in Self-Determination Theory and Humanistic Psychology? A) Mei studies hard because she genuinely enjoys learning new things. B) Arun skips the office meeting after his boss orders him to attend, just to reassert his freedom. C) Jia continues her workout routine because it aligns with her personal health values. D) Lila stops volunteering because she no longer finds it meaningful.

Answer 42

B) Arun skips the office meeting after his boss orders him to attend, just to reassert his freedom.

Question 43

__ is the overall view a person has of themselves. It is a collection of beliefs about one's own identity, personality, abilities, and characteristics.

Answer 43

Self-concept

Question 44

__ __ refers to the perception of the way you actually are, through characteristics, qualities, attributes, and feedback from others.

Answer 44

Actual self

Question 45

__ __ refers to the self you want to be; qualities and traits you admire and aspire to.

Answer 45

Ideal self

Question 46

Self-actualization creates __ between the ideal self and the actual self. A) incongruence B) conflict C) congruence D) separation

Answer 46

C) congruence

Question 47

According to Carl Rogers, there are two main types of congruence involved in self-actualization. Which of the following correctly identifies them? A) Congruence between the id and the ego, and between self and society B) Congruence between the ideal self and actual self, and between the actual self and experiences C) Congruence between motives and behaviour, and between needs and values D) Congruence between thoughts and feelings, and between beliefs and actions

Answer 47

B) Congruence between the ideal self and actual self, and between the actual self and experiences

Question 48

__ __ proposes that people prefer others to see them as they see themselves, even if their self-views are negative.

Answer 48

Self-verification theory

Question 49

In Rogers’s theory, incongruence refers to: A) Harmony between the actual self and the ideal self B) Disorganization within the self that disrupts psychological balance C) A temporary feeling of sadness D) The process of achieving congruence

Answer 49

B) Disorganization within the self that disrupts psychological balance

Question 50

What are the common emotional outcomes of incongruence? A) Anxiety and low self-esteem B) Anger and curiosity C) Happiness and satisfaction D) Self-acceptance and peace

Answer 50

A) Anxiety and low self-esteem

Question 51

What internal mechanism detects incongruence according to Rogers? A) The defense mechanism B) The organismic valuing process C) The ego-ideal D) The superego

Answer 51

B) The organismic valuing process

Question 52

Incongruence occurs when: A) There is alignment between the actual self and experience B) One’s experiences fit their self-image C) There is a gap between the actual self and ideal self, or between experience and self-image D) Positive regard is unconditional

Answer 52

C) There is a gap between the actual self and ideal self, or between experience and self-image

Question 53

Which of the following are defenses people use to cope with incongruence? i) Rationalization ii) Denial iii) Avoidance A) i only B) i and ii only C) i, ii, and iii D) ii and iii only

Answer 53

C) i, ii, and iii

Question 54

After receiving harsh feedback from her supervisor, Rachel laughs it off and says, “He’s just stressed — he didn’t really mean it. Besides, everyone knows he’s just jealous of my confidence.” Which defense mechanism is Rachel using to cope with her feelings of hurt and inadequacy? A) Denial B) Rationalization C) Avoidance D) Projection

Answer 54

B) Rationalization

Question 55

Jared fails a crucial university exam but continues to tell his friends that he “didn’t actually fail” and insists that the grades were entered incorrectly, even after confirmation from the lecturer. Which defense mechanism does Jared demonstrate? A) Rationalization B) Avoidance C) Denial D) Displacement

Answer 55

C) Denial

Question 56

Maya feels uncomfortable when her close friends discuss their career goals because it reminds her that she hasn’t found hers yet. She often changes the topic or avoids those friends altogether. Which defense mechanism is Maya using? A) Denial B) Avoidance C) Rationalization D) Projection

Answer 56

B) Avoidance

Question 57

What are the conditions that defences can protect and enhance self-esteem? i) Event must be attributable to person or within their control ii) Event must be interpretable as good or bad iii) Event must be attributable to any person or out of their control iv) Event must only be interpretable as bad A) i and ii only B) ii and iii only C) i and iv only D) iii and iv only

Answer 57

A) i and ii only

Question 58

__ is a psychological strategy where individuals create obstacles to their own success to protect their self-esteem.

Answer 58

Self-handicapping

Question 59

__ __ is a psychological phenomenon where individuals' performance is negatively impacted by the fear of confirming a negative stereotype about their social group.

Answer 59

Stereotype threat

Question 60

__ __ is a term coined by Abraham Maslow, it is used to describe a characteristic experience of people who were, in his view, self-actualized and fulfilling their human potential.

Answer 60

Peak experience

Question 61

The term Dasein in existential psychology refers to: A) The unconscious mind B) “Being-in-the-world”—the totality of one’s existence in context C) The ego’s defense mechanism D) Cognitive appraisal of threat

Answer 61

B) “Being-in-the-world”—the totality of one’s existence in context

Question 62

According to Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, which of the following correctly lists the levels of needs from lowest (most basic) to highest (most advanced)? A) Safety → Physiological → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization B) Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization C) Love/Belonging → Esteem → Safety → Self-Actualization → Physiological D) Esteem → Safety → Physiological → Love/Belonging → Self-Actualization

Answer 62

B) Physiological → Safety → Love/Belonging → Esteem → Self-Actualization

Question 63

In Maslow’s expanded hierarchy of needs, self-transcendence refers to: A) The pursuit of personal success and recognition above others B) The fulfilment of basic physiological and safety needs C) Going beyond the self to connect with something greater, such as humanity, nature, or spirituality D) The process of aligning one’s actual self with the ideal self

Answer 63

C) Going beyond the self to connect with something greater, such as humanity, nature, or spirituality

Question 64

In Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, what do aesthetic needs refer to? A) The need for safety and security in one’s environment B) The desire for beauty, balance, harmony, and order in life C) The drive to achieve status and recognition from others D) The need to transcend personal limitations and serve humanity

Answer 64

B) The desire for beauty, balance, harmony, and order in life

Question 65

In Maslow’s Expanded Hierarchy of Needs, what do cognitive needs represent? A) The need for love, belonging, and emotional connection B) The desire for knowledge, understanding, exploration, and curiosity C) The drive to create beauty, order, and harmony D) The need for safety and protection from harm

Answer 65

B) The desire for knowledge, understanding, exploration, and curiosity

Question 66

According to existential psychology, awareness that life inevitably ends in death leads to: A) Feelings of joy and peace B) Existential angst — deep anguish and dread C) A sense of moral superiority D) Complete emotional detachment

Answer 66

B) Existential angst — deep anguish and dread

Question 67

In existential terms, nothingness can also manifest as: A) Achieving enlightenment B) Living without authenticity, drifting without goals or responsibility C) Experiencing freedom and self-determination D) Suppressing existential guilt

Answer 67

B) Living without authenticity, drifting without goals or responsibility

Question 68

According to existentialism, where does the meaning of life come from? A) It is predetermined by society or religion B) It emerges from unconscious drives C) It is created by each person through their choices and actions D) It cannot be known and is irrelevant

Answer 68

C) It is created by each person through their choices and actions

Question 69

What does it mean to “have the courage to be” in existential psychology? A) To live authentically and take responsibility for one’s choices B) To follow social norms unquestioningly C) To seek approval from others for security D) To repress awareness of death and meaning

Answer 69

A) To live authentically and take responsibility for one’s choices

Question 70

After a difficult breakup, Daniel realizes that he has been living according to his parents’ expectations instead of his own. He decides to quit his job, travel, and write — even though it scares him. He says, “I finally want to live life that feels like mine.” What existential concept does Daniel’s choice best illustrate? A) Retreating into nothingness B) Denial of existence C) Having the courage to be D) Experiencing existential guilt

Answer 70

C) Having the courage to be

Question 71

Maya often feels uneasy when thinking about how short life is. She sometimes wakes up in the middle of the night anxious about not doing enough or living meaningfully. Which concept best explains Maya’s experience? A) Cognitive dissonance B) Existential angst C) Self-actualization D) Moral anxiety

Answer 71

B) Existential angst

Question 72

Zara spends her days scrolling through social media and avoids thinking about her future. When asked about her goals, she says, “I don’t really care — life just happens.” What is Zara’s behavior an example of? A) Existential guilt B) Nothingness C) The courage to be D) Transcendence

Answer 72

B) Nothingness

Question 73

Lina works in a high-paying job she dislikes. She continues only because it’s “what everyone expects.” Rahul, on the other hand, leaves a secure job to become a teacher, saying, “I want to spend my life doing something that feels real to me.” Who is living more authentically, according to existential psychology? A) Lina B) Rahul C) Both equally D) Neither

Answer 73

B) Rahul

Question 74

What is existential guilt according to existential psychology? A) Guilt that arises from breaking moral or societal rules B) Guilt that results from repressing unconscious desires C) Guilt that occurs when we fail to fulfil our possibilities or live authentically D) Guilt caused by external punishment

Answer 74

C) Guilt that occurs when we fail to fulfil our possibilities or live authentically

Question 75

When is existential guilt worse, according to the slide? A) When we are unaware of our choices B) When we are free to choose but fail to act responsibly C) When our choices are limited by others D) When we make too many commitments

Answer 75

B) When we are free to choose but fail to act responsibly

Question 76

Why is existential guilt considered inescapable? A) Because people are inherently sinful B) Because it is impossible to fulfil every life possibility C) Because society imposes unrealistic expectations D) Because we cannot distinguish right from wrong

Answer 76

B) Because it is impossible to fulfil every life possibility

Question 77

In existential terms, emptiness refers to: A) A peaceful state of mind achieved through meditation B) A sense of meaninglessness due to loss of commitment to one’s values C) A temporary emotional burnout D) The avoidance of freedom and responsibility

Answer 77

B) A sense of meaninglessness due to loss of commitment to one’s values

Question 78

According to the existential perspective, what is described as “the cost of living”? A) Experiencing physical pain B) Accumulating social responsibilities C) Experiencing some form of existential guilt D) Losing one’s freedom due to others’ control

Answer 78

C) Experiencing some form of existential guilt

Question 79

__ __ __ posits that humans manage the existential terror or realising they will die by adopting cultural worldviews and striving for self-esteem.

Answer 79

Terror management theory

Question 80

__ __ is a non-directive, humanistic approach to talk therapy where the client leads the session and finds their own solutions, while the therapist acts as a supportive guide.

Answer 80

Person-centred therapy

Question 81

Which of the following is true regarding person-centred therapy? i) Should be taken to fulfil a condition of worth ii) Focuses on reintegrating the partially disorganised self iii) Focuses on organismic valuing process and reintegration A) i and ii only B) i and iii only C) ii and iii only D) i, ii, and iii

Answer 81

C) ii and iii only

Question 82

The __ __ __ is an innate, internal guide for evaluating experiences based on whether they are nourishing or hindering to an individual's growth and well-being.

Answer 82

organismic valuing process

Question 83

According to Carl Rogers, what is the key element in effective person-centred therapy? A) Conditional Positive Regard B) Unconditional Positive Regard C) Rational Analysis D) Behavioural Reinforcement

Answer 83

B) Unconditional Positive Regard

Question 84

What is the main purpose of Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR) in therapy? A) To pressure the client to meet social expectations B) To facilitate reintegration of the self by removing conditions of worth C) To analyze the client’s unconscious motives D) To encourage avoidance of negative emotions

Answer 84

B) To facilitate reintegration of the self by removing conditions of worth

Question 85

In person-centred therapy, what is the therapist’s primary role? A) To interpret dreams and hidden desires B) To guide the client toward socially acceptable behaviour C) To provide an environment free from conditions of worth, enabling reintegration D) To control the pace of self-actualization

Answer 85

C) To provide an environment free from conditions of worth, enabling reintegration

Question 86

Which of the following best reflects Rogers’ view of self-actualization? A) It is a learned skill that must be taught by the therapist B) It occurs only under external reward systems C) It is an intrinsic tendency present in all individuals D) It is achieved by suppressing emotions

Answer 86

C) It is an intrinsic tendency present in all individuals

Question 87

Which of the following techniques are used by therapists in person-centred therapy to remove the pressure of conditions of worth (CWs)? i) Clarification of feelings ii) Restatement of content iii) Direct confrontation A) i and ii only B) ii and iii only C) i and iii only D) i, ii, and iii

Answer 87

A) i and ii only