Self Regulation Perspective

Question 1

what is attitude?

Answer 1

personal evaluation of the likely outcome of an action + the desirability of that outcome

Question 2

what are subjective norms?

Answer 2

impression of how relevant others value an action + your interest in pleasing them

Question 3

link between cognition + behaviour?

Answer 3

when we think about what we want, look at likely outcome of action.
- more successful = more likely to set goal + achieve.

Question 4

two types of intentions?

Answer 4

goal intention

implementation intention

Question 5

what is goal intention?

Answer 5

the intention to attain some particular outcome

Question 6

what is implementation intention?

Answer 6

intention to take specific actions in specific contexts

Question 7

why intentions are good?

Answer 7

1. help organize, accomplish goals

2. situational cues: facilitate goal-directed activity

Question 8

motivations in freud + maslow/rogers?

Answer 8

F: aggressive + sexual motives

M/R: self-actualization.

Question 9

three elements of motivation?

Answer 9

1. goal : end that is desired
2. strategies: means to achieve goal
3. goals drive behaviour:

Question 10

what are explicit goals?

Answer 10

those you can talk about + willingly describe

- can be measured

Question 11

what are implicit goals?

Answer 11

those that people may not realize they have.

- can be measured with projective tests

Question 12

happiness in terms of goals?

Answer 12

need progress toward implicit + explicit to lead to happiness

Question 13

what are specific goals?

Answer 13

immediate, represent something intended to be accomplished soon

Question 14

what are general goals?

Answer 14

tend to be long-term

Question 15

goals arranged hierarchically - why?

Answer 15

to reach l-t goal, may try to achieve many s-t goals along the way

• when well-organized, life is mooth with clear purpose

Question 16

what are idiographic goals?

Answer 16

unique to the individuals who pursue them

Question 17

current concerns:

Answer 17

ongoing motivation that persists in the mind until the goal is either attained or abandoned.

Question 18

what are personal projects?

Answer 18

another kind of idiographic goal

• what people do, made up of efforts people put into goals
• organizing goals that people pursue at particular times of their lives

Question 19

what are personal strivings?

Answer 19

long-term goals that can organize broad areas of a person’s life

• can provide useful insights into what person is like
• can be source of difficulty

Question 20

properties + limitations of idiographic goals?

Answer 20

• held consciously at least sometimes
• describe thoughts + behaviours aimed at fairly specific outcomes
• changeable over time
• assumed to function independently *

Question 21

what are nomothetic goals?

Answer 21

• relatively small number of essential motivations that almost everyone pursues.

Question 22

3 primary motivations drive human behaviour?

Answer 22

1. need for achievement
2. need for affiliation
3. need for power

Question 23

what are judgement goals?

Answer 23

seeking to judge/validate an attribute in oneself

Question 24

what are development goals?

Answer 24

desire to actually improve oneself

Question 25

how are development goals + judgement goals different?

Answer 25

produce different reactions to failure - D: responds to failure with mastery-oriented pattern [try harder] judgement goal responds to failure with helpless pattern [ shut down]

Question 26

Dweck's different implicit theories | - entity + incremental

Answer 26

entity: personal qualities are unchangeable - respond helplessly incremental theories: intelligence + ability can change with time + experience; goals involve proving competence + increasing it.

Question 27

children - incremental vs entity theorists STUDY

Answer 27

if told they're really smart vs told they tried really hard - smart = reluctant to face challenge - tried hard = eager to try more. incremental theorists do better in the face of failure that entity theorists

Question 28

how goals change across the lifespan?

Answer 28

- young = prep for future - older adults = focus on emotionally meaningful * may be effect about perceptions of time = more time left, more prep.*

Question 29

what are scripts?

Answer 29

"strategies" sequence of activities that progress toward a goal

Question 30

optimism vs pessimism?

Answer 30

O: assume the best will happen, confidence. P: assume the worst is likely to happen, doubt.

Question 31

Norem + O vs defensive pessimism

Answer 31

O: deal with anxiety about exams by expecting to do their best DP: expect the worst, to be pleasantly surprised. - - succeed equally in coping with anxiety + performing, but O more satisfied with life. * *if not allowed to use own anxiety management tool = worse results.

Question 32

Defensive Pessimism - how do they manage anxiety?

Answer 32

reflect on all possible outcomes, anticipate them + compensate for them if they should occur.

Question 33

how do strategic optimists manage anxiety

Answer 33

maintain (+) outlook, dont think about (-). | - thinking about things that could go wrong impairs performance.

Question 34

emotion as procedural knowledge

Answer 34

bc cannot be learned or fully expressed through words

Question 35

what is an emotion?

Answer 35

set of mental + physical procedures, something you do =/= set of concepts or a passive experience

Question 36

4 stages of emotional experience?

Answer 36

1. appraisal 2. physical responses 3. facial expressions (+ nonverbal behaviour) 4. motivation * no specific sequence, or separation of stages

Question 37

6 core emotions?

Answer 37

``` happiness sadness anger fear surprise disgust ```

Question 38

3 categories of emotions?

Answer 38

negative, positive, neutral

Question 39

stimulus, response, adaptive function of anger?

Answer 39

S: threat, trespass R: threaten, attack F: protect territory, resources, mates

Question 40

stimulus, responses, function of guilt?

Answer 40

S: harm to others that violates social code R: apologize, make amends F: obtain forgiveness from offended party + re-entry into social group

Question 41

stimulus, response, adaptive function of anxiety

Answer 41

S: possibility of harm, danger R: worry, flee F: anticipate danger, escape harm

Question 42

stimulus, response, adaptive function of sadness

Answer 42

S: loss R: sad facial expression, crying F: receive support from others, disengage from loss

Question 43

stimulus, response, function of hope?

Answer 43

s: possibility of future gain R: continue effort, maintain commitment F: perseverance in the face of obstacles

Question 44

personal = emotional experience

Answer 44

no two ppl ever feel things exactly the same way, and these individual differences are core aspects of personality - ppl differ in emotions experienced, the ones they WANT to experience, how STRONGLY they experience, how Frequently they change + how well they understand + control emotions

Question 45

what is affect intensity?

Answer 45

more intense emotional feeling. | *risk factor for bad outcomes in life*

Question 46

what is emotional intelligence?

Answer 46

accurately trying to perceive emotions in self + others. | controlling + regulating emotion

Question 47

what is alexithymic?

Answer 47

people who have low emotional intelligence, little emotional awareness. dont talk about their emotions well.

Question 48

pros of self-regulation perspective?

Answer 48

- insight as to how ppl approach goals + try to accomplish these goals

Question 49

cons of self-regulation perspective?

Answer 49

tells us more about how we regulate behaviour than about one's personality. - too far removed