Hypernymy
A hypernym of a word denotes a ‘superconcept’ of that word
Eg fruit is a hypernym of apple
Meronymy
A meronym of a word denotes a sub-part of the denotation of that word
Eg finger is a meronym of hand
sentence
well-formed string of words put together according to the grammatical rules of a language
utterance
the use of a particular piece of language - be it a word, a phrase, a sentence, or a sequence of sentences - by a particular speaker on a particular occasion
proposition
‘what is expressed by some statement’
-> sentence + utterance = statement, a statement conveys a proposition