Spermatogenesis
Seminiferous tubules of testes
Provide nutrients for sperm and fluid
Seminal vesicles
Add alkaline mucus to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity
Bulbourethral glands
Sperm maturation
Epididymis
Provide enzymes and proteinsbfor coagulation and liquefaction
Prostate gland
Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts
Ductus deferens
Sperm are incubated witu species-nonspecific hamster eggs and penetration is observed microscopically
Hamster egg penetration
Evaluation of the acrosome to produce enzymes essential for ovum penetration
In vitro acrosome reaction
Observation of sperm’s ability to penetrate partner’s midcycle cervical mucus
Cervical mucus penetration
Sperm exposed to low sodium concentrations are evaluated for membrane integrity and sperm viability
Hpo-osmotic swelling
Ref for neutral a-glucosidase
> 20 mU/ejaculate
Ref for zinc
> 2.4 umol/eja
Ref for citric acid
> 52 umol/ejac
Ref for acid phosphatase
> 200 units/ejac
Dead sperm
Necrozoospermia
Sperm concentration <15 nillion/ml
Oligospermia
No spermatozoa in semen
Azoospermia
<4% spermatozoa
Teratozoospermia
Semen vokume >6 ml
Hyperspermia
Semen volume <1.5 ml
Hypospermia
++ high sperm concentration; >200M/ml
Polyzoospermia
Red blood crll present in semen
Hematozoospermia
No semen volume
Aspermia
