BIOL10002 > Seminar 21: Development > Flashcards

Seminar 21: Development Flashcards

(52 cards)

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1
Q

define cell fate establishment

A

process of a cell becoming committed into developing into a specialised cell in a growing organism.

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2
Q

what occurs during cell fate establishment? (2)

A
  1. Undergo multiple rounds of cell division to produce specific cell types
  2. Organisation of cells: ISN’T RANDOM, cell types arrange according to a body plan
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3
Q

specification of cell fate is a ____ ____

A

STEPWISE PROCESS

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4
Q

Fate that a cell can adopt becomes progressively ____ ______

A

MORE RESTRICTED

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5
Q

Cell potency is …

A

Change in cell’s potential to differentiate into another cell

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6
Q

Embryogenesis is

A

the formation of a multicellular organism from a zygote

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7
Q

zygotes are

A

the production of a fertilisation event (sperm + egg)

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8
Q

housekeeping genes are expressed in ___ cells

A

ALL

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9
Q

cell specific genes are ____ from genes involved in _____ ____

A

DISTINCT from genes involved in BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES

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10
Q

master regulator genes ____ genes which ____ ____ other genes

A

CONTROL
FURTHER CONTROL

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11
Q

desc effect of master regulator genes & what happens if wrongly expressed or inhibited

A
  • they have control over a wide variety of genes & may have the ability to drive the development of an organism.
  • Wrong expression/inhibition of master genes would therefore cause drastic changes to an organism
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12
Q

PARTS OF MORPHOGENESIS (4)

A
  1. Cell division
  2. Movement of cells (animals only)
  3. Adhesion of cells (animas only)
  4. Cell death
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13
Q

why is cell division req for morphogenesis

A

increases number of cells, & allows size of organism to grow

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14
Q

desc cell movement for morphogenesis

A

allows formation of complex organisation of tissues & organs

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15
Q

desc cell adhesion for morphogenesis

A

allows formation of coherent tissue

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16
Q

desc cell death for morphogenesis

A

Forms certain structures (e.x digits of human hand)

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17
Q

compare & contrast animal vs plant cell development:

A

ANIMALS: determinate growth, cell movement & adhesion, predetermined body form that increases in size, more random division, shape change due to cell movement & adherence

PLANTS: indeterminate growth, flexible body form increases in size (plants cont grow new tissues & organs after seed emergence), more orientated division, shape change due to cell expansion & cell division

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18
Q

list the stages of animal development (5)

A
  1. Fertilisation
  2. Cleavage
  3. Gastrulation
  4. Organogenesis
  5. Metamorphosis
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19
Q

desc FERTILISATION in cell development

A

sperm fertilises egg, forming zygote

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20
Q

desc CLEAVAGE in cell development (5)

A
  1. zygote divides into many cells, producing BLASTULA
  2. Rapid division of cytoplasm into smaller cells
  3. Divisions have no growth phases
  4. Result = embryo w/ simple arrangement of undifferentiated cells
  5. Blastula cells alr have some positional info despite looking the same
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21
Q

desc GASTRULATION in cell development (3)

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A
  1. blastula rearranges (some cells fold inwards to prod GASTRULA)
  2. Sets up main axis of animal seen in adult form
  3. Creates 3 primary tissue layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
22
Q

desc ORGANOGENESIS in cell development

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A

complex processes of forming tissues & organs

23
Q

desc METAMORPHOSIS in cell development

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A

when the larval form transforms into adult form

24
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

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A
  1. Ectoderm (Outer)
  2. Mesoderm (Middle)
  3. Endoderm (Inner)
25
list e.x of each of the 3 germ layers
1. Ectoderm (Outer) - skin, nervous system 2. Mesoderm (Middle) - muscle, connective tissue, blood vessels 3. Endoderm (Inner) - gut lining, lungs, etc
26
More similar the ____ ____ of 2 animals are, the ___ ____ on the evolutionary tree
DEVELOPMENT STAGES MORE CLOSER
27
triploblastic means to have ___ germ layers, e.x ...
3, most animals
28
Diploblastic means to have ___ germ layers, e.x ...
2, jellyfish & hydra
29
stem cells are
undifferentiated cells that can divide indefinitely, unlimited capacity to divide & prod more cells
30
list the types of stem cell potency (4)
1. totipotent 2. pluripotent 3. multipotent 4. unipotent
31
define totipotent & give an e.x
potential to prod all cell types of an organism (e.g zygote)
32
define pluripotent & give an e.x
can produce all cell types of the body BUT not cells of extra-embryonic tissue like the placenta (e.g embryonic stem cells & induced pluripotent stem cells)
33
define multipotent & give an e.x
can produce several cell types (e.g intestinal stem cells)
34
define unipotent & give an e.x
can produce only 1 cell type (e.g cells that can only produce daughter cells of the same cell type, skin cells)
35
list the stages of plant cell embryogenesis? (6)
1. zygote 2. 2-cell stage 3. octant stage 4. heart stage 5. torpedo stage 6. mature seed
36
desc the 2-cell stage in plant embryogenesis (3)
1. zygote divides into: apical daughter cell (embryo) & basal daughter cell (suspensor) 2. Cell fate alr determined 3. diff size of daughter cells is due to asymmetric cell division
37
desc the octant stage in plant embryogenesis (2)
1. zygote > 8 cell structure 2. Due to orientated further cell division
38
desc the heart stage in in plant embryogenesis (3)
1. Cotyledon primordial forms at apical daughter cell side 2. Due to further oriented cell division 3. Forms bilateral symmetry (for most plants)
39
desc the torpedo stage in in plant embryogenesis (2)
1. developing shoot @ apical side & developing shoot @ basal side 2. Due to elongation of cotyledons & the main axis + cell differentiation
40
desc mature seed stage in in plant embryogenesis (3)
1. forms due to extensive cell division, expansions & differentiation 2. Seed preps for dormancy 3. Cotyledons func as storage organs in some species, accumulate & form food reserves from mother plant (food brown down to provide energy for germinating seedling after seed dispersal)
41
meristems are tissues w/ ...
undifferentiated cells that can perpetually divide
42
apical shoot meristems produce... (3)
leaves, stems & reproductive structures
43
apical root meristems produce...
new root tissues
44
primary growth increases the ____ of ___ & ___ of plants
LENGTH of ROOTS & SHOOTS
45
primary growth allows the plant to ....
get access to more sunlight, moisture & nutrients
46
secondary growth increases the ____ of ___ & ___ in plants
THICKNESS of ROOTS & STEMS
47
secondary growth provides...
structural support for woody plants (rarely leaves)
48
what are the 3 primary meristems?
1. protoderm 2. ground meristem 3. procambium
49
tissue that protoderm gives rise to & desc struc in plant
dermal tissue (protective outer layer)
50
tissue that ground meristem gives rise to & desc struc in plant
ground tissue (most of the body of a young plant)
51
tissue that procambium gives rise to & desc struc in plant
Vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
52
what factors influence plant morphogenesis (4) & desc them briefly
1. Growth: det plant shape & direction of growth: a. division: symmetry, rate, plane/orientation influences cell fate b. elongation: permanent enlargement of differentiated cells 2. Cell differentiation: guided by gene expression changes (activate or inactivate protein coding genes) 3. Cell-cell comm: regulates gene expression that influences cell division 4. Environmental factors: light, temp, H2O
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