Sensory

Question 1

What do sensory receptors do?

Answer 1

Transduce sensory energy into neural activity

Question 2

All sensory receptors connect to the cortex through what?

Answer 2

A sequence of intervening relay neurons

Question 3

Receptive field

Answer 3

The specific part of the world to which a sensory receptor responds

Question 4

What is the function of receptive fields?

Answer 4

They sample sensory information and help locate sensory events

Question 5

Slowly adapting receptors

Answer 5

Continue responding as long as the stimulus is present

Question 6

Rapidly adapting receptors

Answer 6

Respond quickly but decrease response if the stimulus is maintained

Question 7

Exteroceptive receptors

Answer 7

Provide information about the external world

Question 8

Interoceptive receptors

Answer 8

Provide information about what the body is doing internally

Question 9

Receptor density

Answer 9

The concentration of sensory receptors in a specific region of the body

Question 10

Sensory signals reach the cortex through how many neural relays?

Answer 10

Three or four intervening neurons

Question 11

Sensory messages can be modified at neural relays. Give an example.

Answer 11

Descending cortical impulses can block or amplify pain signals

Question 12

All sensory signals are encoded as what?

Answer 12

Action potentials

Question 13

Topographic map

Answer 13

A neural-spatial representation of the sensory world

Question 14

Rods

Answer 14

Photoreceptors sensitive to dim light

Question 15

Cones

Answer 15

Photoreceptors active in daylight and responsible for high visual acuity

Question 16

Where are cones most densely distributed?

Answer 16

The fovea

Question 17

Where are rods most densely distributed?

Answer 17

The rest of the retina outside the fovea

Question 18

What happens at the optic chiasm?

Answer 18

Right visual field goes to the left hemisphere and left visual field goes to the right hemisphere

Question 19

Geniculostriate pathway

Answer 19

Involved in pattern, color, and motion recognition

Question 20

Tectopulvinar pathway

Answer 20

Involved in detecting and orienting to visual stimulation and spatial location

Question 21

Audition involves which two abilities?

Answer 21

Sound localization and echolocation

Question 22

What type of energy do auditory receptors transduce?

Answer 22

Mechanical energy from air-pressure waves

Question 23

Tonotopic representation

Answer 23

Different sound frequencies are represented at different locations in the cochlea and cortex

Question 24

High-frequency sounds peak where in the cochlea?

Answer 24

Near the base

Question 25

Low-frequency sounds peak where in the cochlea?

Answer 25

Near the apex

Question 26

Inferior colliculus

Answer 26

Involved in orienting to sound and connected to visual pathways

Question 27

Ventral auditory pathway

Answer 27

Identifies sound

Question 28

Dorsal auditory pathway

Answer 28

Identifies the spatial source of sound

Question 29

The auditory system provides what type of sensory representation?

Answer 29

Bilateral representation

Question 30

Nociception

Answer 30

Perception of pain, temperature, and itch

Question 31

Hapsis

Answer 31

Touch and the ability to identify objects by grasping them

Question 32

Proprioception

Answer 32

Perception of body position and movement

Question 33

Damage to proprioceptors results in what?

Answer 33

Difficulty or inability to perform daily activities

Question 34

Posterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 34

Carries hapsis and proprioception to the somatosensory and motor cortex

Question 35

Anterior spinothalamic tract

Answer 35

Carries nociception to the somatosensory cortex

Question 36

Taste receptors are located where?

Answer 36

Taste buds

Question 37

Sweet taste

Answer 37

Sensitive to calorie-rich foods

Question 38

Sour taste

Answer 38

Sensitive to acidity

Question 39

Salty taste

Answer 39

Related to chemicals necessary for water balance

Question 40

Bitter taste

Answer 40

Sensitive to toxic substances

Question 41

Umami (savoury) taste

Answer 41

Sensitive to protein and MSG

Question 42

How many odorant receptor types do humans have?

Answer 42

Approximately 400

Question 43

Pheromones

Answer 43

Biochemicals that affect the physiology or behavior of another animal

Question 44

Two classes of olfactory neurons

Answer 44

Neurons responsive to specific odors and neurons responsive to broader odor categories

Question 45

Vestibular system

Answer 45

Inner ear system that detects motion and balance

Question 46

Semicircular canals

Answer 46

Detect rotational movement in three planes

Question 47

Otolith organs

Answer 47

Detect head position in space

Question 48

Brainstem role in movement

Answer 48

Controls posture, balance, and coordinated movements

Question 49

Basal ganglia function

Answer 49

Inhibits unwanted movements and initiates desired movements

Question 50

Cerebellum function

Answer 50

Acquiring motor skills, maintaining accuracy, and smooth coordinated movement

Question 51

Corticobulbar tracts

Answer 51

Control facial movements via the brainstem

Question 52

Corticospinal tracts

Answer 52

Control limb and body movements via the spinal cord

Question 53

What percentage of motor neurons cross to the opposite side?

Answer 53

Approximately 95%

Question 54

Final common path

Answer 54

Motor neurons connecting directly to muscles