which muscles are responsible for controlling eye movement?
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus
superior oblique: downwards
inferior oblique: upwards
what happen if weakness of eyes muscles?
double vision(diplosia)
eye misalignment(strabismus)
inspect external ocular structures
eyebrows: bilateral, move symmetrical
both eyelids have a complete closure
eyeballs: aligned normally
conjunctiva & sclera: transparent conjunctiva
how to examine the lower conjunctival sac?
using thumbs to slide the lower lids down along the bony orbital rim
ask patient look upwards
what things we need to assess the conjunctival sac?
color and texture
any foreign bodies?
Signs of infection/inflammation
scleral color
what physical tests to inspect the extraocular muscles function?
coronary light reflex:
small bright white dots in cornea of both eyes
cover test:
test any strabismus 斜視
diagnostic position tests: tests CN III, IV, VI
test for visual acuity?
Snellen eye chart
test for peripheral vision
confrontation test
–>50° up, 90° temporal, 70° down, 60° nasal
what the numerator and denominator means in Snellen Chart?
numerator: denotes the testing distance
denominator: indicates the distacne at which a person with normal eyesight can read the letters on the chart
test for anterior eye structure (iris and pupil)
pupillary light reflex(PERRLA)
ophthalmoscope
how would the visual field be affected if there are damages along the optic nerve?
Bitemporal hemianopia
Homonymous hemianopia
3 ossicles
malleus
incus
stapes
what is the function of eustachian tube(耳咽管）
connect the middle ear to the nasopharynx
equalizing air pressure between middle ear and environment
why chewing gums can reduce ear pain during travel by air?
increase the swallowing frequency
muscles around the eustachian tube activates and open the tube
equalize the pressure
what is the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss
sensorineural: inner ear/ nerve VIII affected
conductive: blockage in the middle/ outer ear
normal findings on tympanic membrane by using otoscopy?
eardrum intact
translucent
pearly gray
malleus handle visible
hearing tests
whisper test
weber test
Rinne test
normal findings on Weber test and Rinnie test
Weber: sound in both ears
Rinnie test: AC> BC
how to inspect the nasal cavity and normal findings
using nasal speculum
appears red, smooth moist surface
