1
Q
What two types of wave are there?
A
- Transverse
- Longitudinal
2
Q
Give an example of a longitudinal wave
A
Sound
3
Q
Describe how longitudinal waves transfer energy.
A
Vibrations are parallel to energy transfer
4
Q
Give an example of a transverse wave
A
- All electromagnetic waves
- A ripple on water
- A wave on a string
5
Q
Describe how transverse waves transfer energy.
A
Vibrations are perpendicular to energy transfer
6
Q
Compare the sound of the two waves in the image in terms of loudness and pitch.
A
- They have the same loudness.
- Wave B has a higher pitch.
7
Q
Name the properties of the wave labelled a) and b)
A
a) Wavelength
b) Amplitude
8
Q
Name the two regions of a longitudinal wave labelled ‘C’ and ‘R’.
A
C = compression
R = rarefaction
9
Q
What equation links wave speed, frequency and wavelength?
A
Wave speed = frequency x wavelength
V = 𝘧 λ
10
Q
What are X-rays used for?
A
Medical imaging
11
Q
What EM waves can our eyes detect?
A
Visible light
12
Q
What are gamma rays used for?
A
- Killing cancer cells
- Sterilizing medical equipment
13
Q
What does frequency mean?
A
The number of complete waves passing a certain point in a second (1 Hz is 1 wave per second)
14
Q
What EM waves can have hazardous effects on human body?
A
Ultraviolet waves, X-rays and gamma rays
15
Q
Which EM wave causes skin cancer?
A
Ultraviolet waves cause skin cancer
16
Q
Write the electromagnetic spectrum in order from longest to shortest wavelength.
A
17
Q
Compare the sound of the two waves in the image in terms of loudness and pitch.
A
- They have the same pitch.
- Wave B is quieter than Wave A.
18
Q
Name the EM wave that communicates with satellites
A
Microwaves
19
Q
What danger do X-rays and gamma rays pose?
A
Can cause cancer
20
Q
What are microwaves used for?
A
- Satellite communications
- Cooking food
- Mobile phone communication
21
Q
What is visible light used for?
A
1) Communication using fibre optics
2) Anything that you need to see e.g.:
- Charging lights on battery chargers
- Traffic Lights
- Lights on displays such as TV, phone, laptop
22
Q
What are radio waves used for?
A
Television and radio
23
Q
What are infrared waves used for?
A
- Electrical heaters
- Cooking food
- Infrared cameras
- TV remotes
24
Q
What is ultraviolet used for?
A
- Tanning beds
- Detecting forged bank notes
25
What is the dashed line in a refraction diagram called?
Normal
26
What do you call the process whereby light bends as it enters a different medium?
Refraction
27
**Higher Q**. What can oscillations in electrical circuits cause?
Radio waves
28
Why does light bend as it moves from air into glass?
Glass is denser than air, so the light wave slows down.
29
**Higher Q**. How can radio waves themselves induce oscillations in an electrical circuit?
Radio waves can be absorbed, creating an alternating current with the same frequency as the radio wave itself.
30
**Separate Q**. What three things can happen to waves when they arrive at a boundary between two different materials?
* Absorbed
* Transmitted
* Reflected
31
**Separate Q**. How would you design an experiment investigate how light is refracted through different materials (Required Practical).
* Take a rectangular block of one material and place it on a piece of paper and trace around the block.
* Using a ray box, shine a ray of light at the block.
* Trace the incident and emergent rays.
* Remove the block. Using a ruler and pencil, draw the refracted ray by joining the incident ray and emergent ray.
* Draw a normal line perpendicular to the blocks surface at the point the incident ray meets. Measure the angle of incidence and angle of refraction.
* Repeat with different material blocks. Keep the angle of incidence the same throughout.
32
**Separate Q**. How would you design an experiment investigate how light is reflected from different materials (Required Practical).
* Draw a straight line on a piece of paper.
* Place an object on this line.
* Using a ray box, shine a ray of light at the object.
* Trace the reflected ray of light.
* Draw the normal line perpendicular to the surface at the point that the incident ray hits the object.
* Use a protractor to measure the angle of incidence and angle of reflection.
* Also, use a ruler to measure the width of the reflected ray.
33
**Separate Q.** Complete the diagram to show how the wave reflects at a surface.
34
**Separate Q**. What type of reflection is shown in the image?
Specular reflection
35
**Separate Q**. What type of reflection is shown in the image?
Diffuse reflection
36
**Separate Q**. What is the name given to the imaginary line that’s perpendicular at the point an incident ray meets a surface.
Normal Line
37
**Separate Higher Q**. What type of seismic waves are P-waves?
Longitudinal seismic waves
38
**Separate Higher Q**. What do sound waves, travelling through a solid, cause?
Vibrations within the solid
39
**Separate Higher Q**. How do P-waves and S-waves provide evidence for the structure of the Earth?
* P-waves travel through solids and liquids.
* After an earthquake, P-waves can be detected on the other side of the Earth. There are gaps on the sides where P-waves don’t reach.
* S-waves can’t travel through liquids (or gases).
* After an earthquake, S-waves cannot be detected on the other side of the Earth.
* This evidence provides evidence the outer core is liquid and the inner core is solid.
40
**Separate Higher Q**. What type of seismic waves are S-waves?
Transverse seismic waves
41
**Separate Higher Q**. Describe how the ear detects sound.
* Sound waves cause the ear drum to vibrate.
* These vibrations are passed on to the small bones in your inner ear.
* The vibrations are passed onto the cochlea.
* The cochlea turns the vibrations into electrical signals that travel to the brain via the auditory nerve.
42
Describe how you would use a ripple tank to measure the speed of a water wave.
* Set the frequency of the wave on the signal generator.
* The dipper will oscillate and generate a wave at the set frequency.
* Turn the strobe light on.
* Take a picture of the wave fronts that appear on the screen.
* Using a ruler, measure the wavelength of one wave (to increase accuracy, measure the length of 10 waves then divide by 10).
* Use the equation: v=fλ to calculate the speed of the wave.
43
Describe how you would measure the speed of a wave on the string?
* Set the frequency of the wave on the signal generator.
* Using a ruler, measure the wavelength of one wave (to increase accuracy, measure the length of 10 waves then divide by 10).
* Use the equation: v=fλ to calculate the speed of the wave.
44
Put the following surfaces in order of the amount of infrared radiation they emit (from most to least).
## Footnote
**Shiny Black, Matt Black, Silver, White**
1. Matt black (most)
2. Shiny black
3. White
4. Silver (least)
45
**Separate Higher Q.** What is the reflection of sound called?
Echo
46
**Higher Q.** Complete the diagram to show waves moving from a less dense to a more dense medium.
47
**Higher Q**. Complete the diagram to show waves moving from a less dense to a more dense medium.
48
Describe how you would investigate the amount of infrared radiation emitted by different surfaces using the equipment below.
* Fill the Leslie’s cube with boiling water and place on a heat proof mat.
* Measure 15 cm from the cube using a ruler and place an infrared detector there facing the cube.
* Record the amount of infrared it detects.
* Repeat for each side of the cube (which has different faces, e.g. silver, black matt, black shiny, white).
49
Describe how the equipment can be used to measure the speed of sound
* Connect a speaker to a signal generator and switch on to a set frequency (this gives your frequency, f)
* Connect microphones to the oscilloscope so they each show a wave on the screen.
* Place both microphones next to the oscilloscope.
* Move one microscope away until the waves on the screen match each other.
* Measure the distance between the microphones at this point – this is the wavelength, λ.
* Use the equation: v=fλ to calculate the speed of the wave.
50
**Separate Higher Q**. Why is the human hearing limited?
The structure of the ear limited the range of human hearing (e.g. the size and shape of the eardrum, the size of the small bones etc.).
51
**Separate Higher Q**. What is the normal human hearing range?
20 Hz to 20 kHz
52
**Separate Higher Q**. What do you call sound with a frequency higher than 20,000 Hz?
Ultrasound
53
**Separate Higher Q**. Give three uses of ultrasound.
* Medical imaging (e.g. unborn baby).
* Industrial imaging (e.g. imaging of pipework that is not visible).
* Echo sounding (navigation for boats and submarines).
54
**Separate Higher Q**. What happens to the speed of sound as it enters a denser medium?
The speed of sound increases
55
**Separate Higher Q**. How can sound waves be used to investigate the structure of objects that we cannot see?
* We can send sound waves through the object.
* The velocity, absorption, reflection and refraction of the sound waves can give us information on the structure of the object.
56
**Separate Higher Q**. How do ultrasounds work?
* Ultrasound waves are emitted from an electrical device.
* When the ultrasound waves meet a boundary between two media, they are partially reflected.
* A detector is used to record the echos of the ultrasound.
* The time it takes for the ultrasound waves to travel back to the detector indicates the distance of the boundary from the detector.
57
**Separate Higher Q**. What produces seismic waves?
Earthquakes
58
**Separate Q**. Which seismic wave travels fastest?
P-waves
59
**Separate Q**. Which type of lens can produce real or virtual images?
Convex lenses
60
**Separate Q**. Describe how a convex lens forms an image.
Parallel rays of light are refracted and are brought to focus at the principal focus.
61
**Separate Q**. What is the focal length?
The distance from the lens to the principal focus
62
**Separate Q**. What type of lens can only produce virtual images?
Concave lens
63
**Separate Q**. What type of lens is represented by the image below?
Concave lens
64
**Separate Q**. Complete the lens diagram for a convex lens. Show the focal length on the diagram.
65
**Separate Q**. Complete the lens diagram for a concave lens. Show the focal length on the diagram.
66
**Separate Q**. What type of lens is represented by the image below?
Convex lens
67
**Separate Q**. What is specular reflection?
Reflection from a smooth surface in a single direction
68
**Separate Q**. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a **red ball** through a **blue filter**.
Black
69
**Separate Q**. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a **green ball** through a **green filter**.
Green
70
**Separate Q**. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a **white ball** through a **red filter**.
Red
71
**Separate Q**. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a **white ball** through a **red filter** _then_ a **green filter**
Black
72
**Separate Q**. What colour ball would you see if you were viewing a **magenta ball** through a **red filter**
Red
73
**Separate Q**. What colour would an object be if it reflected all wavelengths of light equally?
White
74
**Separate Q**. What is diffuse reflection?
Reflection from a rough surface, causing scattering
75
**Separate Q**. Describe how a red dress appears to be red.
The red dress absorbs all other wavelengths of light except red which it reflects.
76
**Separate Q**. What colour would an object be if it absorbed all wavelengths of light?
Black
77
**Separate Q**. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.
78
**Separate Q**. Name the two types of objects that can transmit light.
* Transparent objects
* Translucent objects
79
**Separate Q**. What’s the relationship between the temperature of an object and the intensity of radiation emitted?
As the temperature of the object increases, the intensity of radiation emitted increases.
80
**Separate Q**. What object is the best possible emitter?
A perfect black body
81
**Separate Higher Q**. In terms of radiation, how does an object increase in temperature?
The object absorbs radiation faster than it emits radiation.
82
**Separate Q**. What do all bodies (objects) absorb and emit?
Infrared radiation
83
**Separate Q**. What is a perfect black body?
An object that absorbs all of the radiation that hits it (none is reflected or transmitted).
84
**Separate Higher Q**. In terms of radiation, how does an object remain at constant temperature?
The object absorbs radiation at the same rate as it emits it.
85
**Separate Higher Q**. In terms of radiation, what causes a change in temperature, in a local area on Earth, as it changes from day into night?
* The temperature of a particular area will decrease from day into night.
* The temperature decrease means more energy is being emitted from Earth than is being absorbed.
86
**Separate Q**. What type of lenses are used in magnifying glasses?
Convex Lenses
87
**Separate Q**. What are the three primary colours of light?
Blue, Green and Red
88
**Separate Q**. What primary colours of light are mixed to form the following secondary colours?
a) Magenta
b) Cyan
c) Yellow
a) Blue and red
b) Green and Blue
c) Green and Red
89
**Separate Q**. Describe how an object can be green and transparent.
* Green wavelengths are reflected by the object.
* All other wavelengths of light are transmitted.
90
**Separate Q**. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.
91
**Separate Q**. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.
92
**Separate Q**. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.
93
**Separate Q**. Complete the ray diagram to show the image formed through the lens.
