SEPTEMBER 23

Question 1

microsequencing refers to determining short stretches of nucleotide sequences — often only a few base pairs or short fragments of DNA.

It’s an early or small-scale version of sequencing, before modern high-throughput (next-generation) sequencing.

Answer 1

DNA MICROSEQUENCING

Question 2

are short repetitive DNA motifs, usually 2–6 base pairs long, repeated multiple times in tandem (e.g. CACACACA or GATAGATA).

Answer 2

Microsatellites

Question 2

is a single base change at a specific genomic position among individuals.

Answer 2

SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)

Question 3

those regions in where the centromeres and kinetochores as these regions have to separate

Answer 3

AT Rich

Question 4

signal points, positioning identification areas, and anchors for activities inside the DNA like expression of regions in epigenetic expressions (Transcription Start Site, Promoter, etc)

Answer 4

CpG islands

Question 5

Derivation of a short DNA sequence(s) that enables species identification or recognition in a particular domain of life (eucaryotes).

Answer 5

DNA Barcoding

Question 6

Would resolve barcodes for named species and use a barcoding approach to assess undescribed biological diversity.

Published in 2003 and gained traction in 2004

It’s like a barcode in the grocery is matched into an item in the databank

Answer 6

BOLI

Question 6

speciation
No physical barriers
No vicariance events
No reasons for them to be isolated but
They are evolving as part of the niches

Answer 6

Sympatric

Question 7

STRENGTHS OF BARCODING

Answer 7

Identification tool when morphology is inconclusive or ambiguous

Focus on one or a small number of genes
1 or 2
Sometimes 5 in plants

Cost of DNA sequencing is dropping rapidly

Potential capacity for high throughput and processing large numbers of samples.

Once a reference database is established, it can be applied by non-specialist.

Question 7

SYMPATRIC LARVAE

Larvae looking the same but have different food needs
If you give it something different to eat, it may die

Answer 7

Astraptes fulgerato

Question 8

WEAKNESSES OF BARCODING

Answer 8

Assumes intraspecific variation is negligible, or at least lower than interspecific values.

No single gene will work for all taxa (e.g., COI is not appropriate for vascular plants, or even for some animals).

Single-gene approach is less precise than using multiple genes; may introduce unacceptable error.

Some of the most attractive aspects rely on future technology, e.g., handheld sequencer.

Question 9

If there is a (By Paul Hebert) variation between two species, technically they will be of different species

Answer 9

3%

Question 9

If there is a (By Paul Hebert) variation between two species Within the genera, it will require higher percentage for variation, technically they will be of different genus

Answer 9

15 %

Question 10

Deposited in a database like GenBank

Answer 10

Sequence data

Question 11

Collection database
Should be preserved
You need a way to curate and keep properly
Digital images for preservation

Answer 11

Voucher

Question 12

BARCODING MUST ADHERE TO STANDARDS FOR SPECIMEN AND DATA MANAGEMENT

Answer 12

Sequence data
Voucher
Digital Images
Data must be replicable

Question 13

GENOTYPES EVALUATES VARIATION USING FREQUENCIES OF POLYMORPHISM

In an _________, the presence or absence of a restriction site produces DNA fragments of varying lengths, reflecting sequence variation

Answer 13

RFLP

Question 14

GENOTYPES EVALUATES VARIATION USING FREQUENCIES OF POLYMORPHISM

Variation in fragment lengths is produced by differences in the number of tandem repeats located between 2 restriction sites

Answer 14

VNTR

Question 15

GENOTYPES EVALUATES VARIATION USING FREQUENCIES OF POLYMORPHISM

Variation in fragment lengths is produced by differences in the number of microsatellite repeats found between 2 PCR primer sites

Answer 15

STR

Question 16

GENOTYPES EVALUATES VARIATION USING FREQUENCIES OF POLYMORPHISM
Are single differences in a nucleotide sequence

Answer 16

SNP