Session 1: CSF, ventricular system

Question 1

label

Answer 1

Question 2

what structres r deep to the insula?

Answer 2

putamen and globus pallidus, caudate nucleus

part of basal ganglia

Question 3

label

Answer 3

Caudate> C-shaped structure

appears twice

Question 4

image

Question 5

what is red dot? why is it squashed

Answer 5

3rd ventricles, due to the thalamus on either side!

Question 6

label

what r the white mater strucutres?

Answer 6

corpus callosum & v-shaped internal capsule

Question 7

where does corpus callosum run?

Answer 7

above the lateral ventricles

Question 8

what is this? fucntion? location

Answer 8

internal capsule

connects cerebral cortex w/ the rest of the nervous system

its a major white matter pathway!

its sandwhiched w=btw 2 majir grey matters!

Question 9

composition on CSF?

Answer 9

• Normal CSF is clear and colourless and contains very little protein (15 to 45 mg/dL)
• little immunoglobulin
• only one to five cells (leukocytes) per ml.
• hyperosmolar compared to plasma!

Changes from these normal values are useful in the diagnosis of a variety of disease processes

Question 10

CSF circulation

Answer 10

Question 11

what is the ventricles of the brain?

Answer 11

cavities in brain are known as the brain ventricles, contain choroid plexus, makes a total of 600-700ml of CSF per day

Question 12

where does CSF circulate before being reabsorbed at the arachnoid granulations?

Answer 12

CSF circulates through the ventricular system and subarachnoid space before being reabsorbed at the arachnoid granulations

Question 13

what supplies the ventricles with blood?

Answer 13

internal carotid artery

Question 14

Hydrocephalus

types?

Answer 14

‘Accumulation of CSF is thought to be due to an imbalance between production & absorption of CSF w/ enlargement of brain ventricles’’

◦ Non-communicating/obstructive

• CSF is obstructed w/ in the ventricles or between the ventricles subarachnoid space.

◦ Communicating

• There is communication btw the ventricles & subarachnoid space.
• problem lies OUTSIDE of the ventricular system
• Due to reduced absorption or blockage of the venous drainage system.
• It may also be due to increased CSF production.

Question 15

Non-communicating/obstructive Hydrocephalus

1. common cause?
2. CT scan features?

Answer 15

CSF is obstructed within the ventricles or between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space.

• Most commonly due to aqueduct blockade
• Can be congenital or acquired
• Also due to tumours ex: meningioma

4th ventricle _smaller_ than 3rd>> u can tell there is a blockage in aqueduct

Question 16

Communicating - Hydrocephalus

• common cause?
• less common causes?
• CT?

Answer 16

• there is communication between the ventricles and the subarachnoid space, problem lies outside of the ventricular system*
• Mostly to POST-MENINGITIS

◦ Bacterial, fungal, TB

• Subarachnoid haemorrhage
• Trauma + neoplastic infiltration of subarachnoid space

Less common mechanisms include:

◦ excess CSF production - choroid plexus papilloma