1
Q
Settlement
A
A place where people live
2
Q
Rural settlement
A
A settlement in the countryside far away from a town or city, can be on a farm.
3
Q
Urban settlement
A
A settlement that’s is built up, like a town or city.
4
Q
Primary activities
A
Jobs where people work on the land or sea extracting natural resources e.g. farming, fishing, forestry, mining and hunting.
5
Q
Migrate
A
To move away from your house in search of work.
6
Q
Isolated
A
Far away from other places and people.
7
Q
Dispersed
A
Spread out, far away from one another.
8
Q
Clustered/nucleated
A
Grouped together
9
Q
Kraal
A
Fenced off area for keeping livestock e.g. cattle, sheep, goats.
10
Q
Hamlet
A
Cluster of farmhouses and other buildings in a rural area.
11
Q
Cash crops
A
Crops grown to be sold.
12
Q
Farmstead
A
Farm with buildings on it.
13
Q
Monoculture
A
Planting and growing only one crop.
14
Q
Mining
A
Taking valuable minerals out of the ground e.g. coal, gold, diamonds.
15
Q
Quarrying
A
Digging minerals and stone out of the ground.
16
Q
Name 3 differences between urban and rural settlements.
A
- Rural: uni-functional / Urban: multifunctional
- Rural: primary / Urban: secondary and tertiary
- Rural: Lack infrastructure / Urban: Better infrastructure
- Rural: Dispersed / Urban: Nucleated
17
Q
Are Urban/Rural mostly LEDC/MEDS
A
Urban: MEDC
Rural: LEDC
18
Q
What does MEDC stand for?
A
More economically developed country.
19
Q
What does LEDC stand for?
A
Less economically developed country.
20
Q
What are primary functions?
A
Making direct use of natural resources.
21
Q
What are secondary functions?
A
Manufacturing and production.
22
Q
What are tertiary functions?
A
Services
23
Q
Examples of primary functions:
A
Mining, agriculture, fishing, forestry.
24
Q
Examples of secondary functions:
A
Industries, factories.
25
Examples of tertiary functions:
Doctor, banker, teacher, domestic worker, waiter, pharmacist.
26
Rural settlement’s functions are mostly…..
Primary
27
Urban settlement’s functions are mostly…
Secondary and tertiary.
28
Rural settlements have …… functions and people. (Uni-functional)
Fewer
29
Urban settlements have …… people and functions. (Multifunctional)
Many
30
What is the rural-urban fringe?
An area on the edge of the built up area, often containing a mixture of functions such as market gardeners, golf courses, sewerage works, airports, storage facilities.
31
What are the 6 functions of cities?
- Employment
- Residential areas
- Entertainment and recreation
- Services
- Transport
- Religeon
32
Land use zone
An area where land is used for a special purpose.
33
Name the 7 land use zonesy
- Central Business District (CBD)
- Transition zone
- Residential areas
- Shopping centers
- Office parks and business parks
- Zones for industry
- Services and recreation
34
Where is the CBD located?
Usually in the CENTRE of a city.
| Most accessible.
35
Where is the Transition Zone located?
Area surrounding CBD
36
What are the 3 types of residential areas?
- High income
- Middle income
- Low income
37
Where can residential areas be located?
Can be close to CBD or far away (suburbs).
38
Where are shopping centers located?
Large shopping centers away from CBD in suburbs.
39
Where can office parks and business parks be located?
In suburbs away from CBD.
40
What are the two zones for industry?
Heavy industry
| Light industry
41
Where are heavy industries located?
Usually on the outskirts of an urban area.
42
Where are light industries located?
Close to the CBD.
43
What do industries need to be close to?
The main transport routes, water, electricity etc.
44
Where are services and recreation located?
Can be in rural-urban fringe or in city centre.
45
What are the characteristics of the CBD?
- Tall buildings
- Cost of land and rent is high
- Most companies have their offices here
- Busiest part of a city
46
What are the characteristics of a transition zone?
- Buildings and land use are changing.
- Some parts broken down/renovated
- Happens as CBD expands into an old zone of warehouse, poorly maintained houses etc.
47
Name a high density and low density residential area?
High density: flats
| Low density: suburban home with garden)
48
What are high, middle and low income residential areas?
High: expensive houses
Middle: affordable houses
Low: cheaper homes
49
Give an example of formal and informal residential settlements.
Formal: houses, flats
Informal: shanty towns
50
What are the characteristics of shopping centres?
- Lots of parking.
- Variety of shops.
- Entertainment, e.g. movies, restaurants.
51
What are the characteristics of office parks and business parks?
- Safer, closer to homes.
- Not polluted.
- Surrounded by parks and trees.
- Plenty of parking.
52
What are the characteristics of heavy zones for industry?
- Large scale factories producing items e.g. iron and steel.
- Lots of noise and air pollution.
- Large areas of cheaper land.
53
What are the characteristics of light zones for industry?
- Small factories producing small items e.g. clothing.
| - Very little pollution.
54
What are the characteristics of services and recreation?
- Golf courses: need large areas of land; rural-urban fringe.
- Movies, restaurants, theatres etc, in city centre or shopping centres.
55
What does the term ‘site’ mean?
Physical characteristics of a place where a settlement is located.
(The actual point of land where it’s located)
56
Give examples of site.
Availability of water, building materials, fuel, cultivatable land, pasturage.
57
What does the term ‘situation’ mean?
Describes the location of a place in relation to its surroundings.
58
Give examples of situation.
How close to neighbouring settlements, roads, water ect, the location is.
59
Name 4 characterises of rural settlements.
- Small population
- Primary activities
- Sometimes more old people and children (younger adults migrate to urban settlements)
- Services, schools and hospitals aren’t always available.
60
What are the two patterns rural settlements can have?
- Isolated/Dispersed
| - Clustered/Nucleated
61
Where are fishing rural settlements located?
Along the coast.
62
In fishing settlements, fish are taken directly from the ….. or …..
Sea or freshwater
63
Fishing in rural settlements can either be ….
Subsistence or commercial.
64
What does drying and processing the fish create?
Jobs.
65
Name some fishing rural settlements.
Arniston, Hout Bay, Fish Hoek, Paternoster, Kalk Bay.
66
What are most rural settlements on South Africa focused on?
Agriculture
67
Name the two types of farming settlements.
Subsistence and commercial.
68
Name 6 differences between subsistence and commercial farming.
- Subsistence: farm for own needs and family
- Commercial: grows cash crops for profit
- Subsistence: sometimes a group of families.
- Commercial: individual farmsteads-isolated and dispersed.
- Subsistence: traditional farming methods.
- Commercial: modern technology.
- Subsistence: labor intensive
- Commercial: machinery and technology replaced workers.
- Subsistence: smaller fields of crops.
- Commercial: farms can be very large.
- Subsistence: variety of crops, keep livestock.
- Commercial: monoculture.
69
Urbanisation
An increase in the proportion (%) of total population living in Urban settlements.
70
Migration (urbanisation definition)
Movement of people as they change the places they live.
71
Rural-urban migration
Movement of people from rural to urban areas.
72
Rural depopulation
Decline in number of people living in urban areas.
73
Migrants
People who migrate (move) as they change their place of residence.
74
Counter-migration
Migration from urban to rural areas.
75
Infrastructure
Services and facilities in a country like transport, power supply and water.
76
Apartheid
A former SA government policy that separated and ruled people according to their race.
77
Commuter
Person who travels from home to work and back.
78
Informal settlement
Settlement of makeshift shacks, sometimes called “squatter settlements”
79
Sanitation
Sewage systems (toilets) and clean safe drinking water.
80
Is SA becoming more rural or urbanised?
Urbanised
81
What are the impacts of rural-urban migration of rural areas?(4)
- Leads to rural depopulation.
- Decline in food/crops produced on farms.
- Increase in rural poverty.
- Land not well managed: soil erosion, deforestation.
82
What are the impacts of rural-urban migration on urban areas?(3)
- Growth of informal settlements.
- Strain on schools, hospitals etc.
- Unemployment: crime and poverty.
83
Why would counter migration occur?
Crime, pollution, high rates, taxes, expensive properties etc.
84
What has the internet and email resulted in?
People being able to work away from the city.
85
What has this counter-migration done to previously quiet villages?
Pushed up property prices, traffic flow and business.
86
What did the Group Areas Act during apartheid do?
- Divided South Africans into racial groups.
- White people lived in well developed urban areas.
- Most black people lived in poverty in rural areas.
87
Rapid urbanisation has created a …… shortage, increasing …… settlements in South Africa.
Housing
| Informal
88
Formal housing includes:
Bricks, cement, proper roofs etc.
89
Informal housing includes:
Wood, metal sheets, plastic etc.
90
Traditional housing includes:
Natural material; mud, clay wood etc.
91
Name healthcare and education problems. (8)
- Shortage of clinics, hospitals and schools.
- Overcrowded existing services.
- Shortage of staff.
- Not enough funding.
- People can’t afford services.
- Difficult for people to travel to facilities.
- HIV/AIDS.
92
Name the 3 street patterns.
- Radical Concentric
- Grid Iron
- Planned Irregular
93
Explain radial concentric street patterns.
Streets radiate from a central point e.g. statue, important building.
94
What’s a disadvantage of radial concentric street patterns?
Congestion around centre.
95
Explain grid iron street patterns (advantages).
- Easy to layout and subdivide.
- Oldest part of town.
- Easy to navigate.
96
Give a disadvantage d grid iron street patterns.
Causes traffic congestion because of all the intersections.
97
Explain planned irregular street patterns. (Advantages)
- Aesthetically pleasing.
- Newer suburbs.
- Often follows contours.
- Allows easy flow of traffic.
98
Name a disadvantage of planned irregular street patterns.
Difficult to navigate.
99
What is a pull factor?
Something positive about an area that attracts people to it.
100
What is a push factor?
Something negative about an area that makes people want to leave it.
Geography Exam (Gr8)
flashcards
Decks in class (2)
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