1
Q
Settlement Definition
A
A place where people live and where they carry out a range of activities such as trade, manufacturing or agriculture that can be permanent or temporary
2
Q
Rural Settlement Definition
A
A settlement in the countryside consisting of a only a few houses
3
Q
Settlement Patterns Definition
A
The shape of the settlement as seen from above
4
Q
Types of Settlements
A
- Dispersed
- Nucleated
- Linear
- Cruciform
5
Q
Dispersed Settlement Definition
A
When buildings are spread out over a wide area
6
Q
Dispersed Settlement Characteristics (5)
A
- In rural areas
- Few services
- No focus point
- May happen when the physical geography is too extreme (too hot or too cold)
- Likely due to low population density , few services and poor transport network
7
Q
Nucleated Settlement Definition
A
When buildings are grouped closely together in on area
8
Q
Nucleated Settlement Characteristics (2)
A
- buildings and houses are tightly clustered around a central feature
- might be for defensive reasons
9
Q
Linear Settlements Definition
A
Buildings are arranged in lines
10
Q
Linear Settlements Characteristics (2)
A
- Located in a line along a geographical feature (roads, rivers, transport routes)
- It reflects the importance of trade and transport
11
Q
Cruciform Settlements Definition
A
Occurs at the intersection of roads and usually consists of lines of buildings radiating out from the cross roads
12
Q
Site Definition
A
The actual land on which a settlement is built e.g. climate, water sources, topography
13
Q
Situation Definition
A
The position or relationship between a particular site and its surrounding area e.g. other settlements, transport links etc
14
Q
Wet Point Sites
A
Sites that are close to a reliable supply of water from rivers, springs or wells
15
Q
Shelter
A
Protected from rain and prevailing winds by forests and hills
16
Q
Bridging point
A
Sites which allowed populations to cross a river due to the river being shallow or narrow enough to build a bridge across
17
Q
Spring line settlements
A
A line of sites where water is available
18
Q
Resources
A
Many settlements developed close to where natural resources could be found
19
Q
Trading point
A
Settlements developed where natural trading points meet such as long rivers or natural route ways
20
Q
Aspect (direction facing)
A
Many settlements in the northern hemisphere are located on south facing sides of valleys where it is sunny
21
Q
Defensive
A
Sites that were on high ground which allowed the inhabitants to see enemies from a distance
22
Q
Dry point sites
A
Elevated sites that avoided risk of flooding
23
Q
Factors affecting the growth of settlements (8)
A
- Lowland areas for building and expansion
- Coastal areas for trade
- Extreme climates increases small settlements due to difficulties of providing food
- Areas with favourable conditions for food production
- Government and administration
- Rivers
- Access to raw materials
- Trade routes
24
Q
Types Settlement Hierarchy
A
- Isolated Dwelling
- Hamlet
- Village
- Town
- City
- Conurbation
25
How to rank a hierarchy
Size and importance
26
Isolated Dwelling population
1-10 people
27
Hamlet population
11-100 people
28
Village population
101-2000 people
29
Town population
2001-100,000 people
30
City population
100,001-1,000,000 people
31
Conurbation population
1,000,001+ people
32
Village features
- A few hundred people live in cottages and houses
- People visit pubs and go for walks in the surrounding fields
- Not many people work there, they go to nearby settlements to work
- There are narrow lanes and roads with no rush hours
33
Town features
- Thousands of people live in houses
- Some people enjoy swimming at pools or enjoying the cinema
- Most people work locally at factories and small offices
- There are quiet residential roads AND busy through roads with a rush hour
34
City features
- Hundreds of thousands of people live in houses and apartments
- Many restaurants, theatres and museums.
Has large sport stadiums and airports
- Thousands of people travel to work in large office blocks
- Has residential roads, busy through roads and large motorways
35
Low order services
- Items or services that are purchased frequently e.g. milk and eggs
- People are not prepared to travel far
36
High order services
- Expensive services and goods e.g. electrical goods and furniture
- The consumer will buy it only after making a comparison between different models and shops
37
Range of a product/service
The distance people are prepared to travel to obtain a certain good or service
38
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support a good or service
39
Sphere of influence
The specific area served by a settlement for a variety of functions such as education, healthcare, shopping and recreation
40
Population size and number of services case study: Lozere, France
41
Factors affecting land use in cities
1. Costs
2. Accessibility
3. Planning regulation
4. Availability
42
Factors affecting land use in cities: Costs
- Land in the city center is often the most expensive because of its lack of availability
- Shops and offices can afford to pay high rents in order to be in the city
43
Factors affecting land use in cities: Accessiblity
- Shops need to be accessible to as many people as possible so they are usually found in the city center, which have good transport links
- The edges of some cities is the most accessible often by motorway which has led to growth of out-of-town shopping centres etc
44
Factors affecting land use in cities: Planning regulations
- Affects land use patterns
- Authorities often decide how the way a cities look and develop
- They have plans that show which land uses will be permitted in different parts of the city
45
Factors affecting land use in cities: Availability
- City centers tend to be heavily built UP
- When factories and warehouses close, the sites may be used for housing, shops and offices
46
Bid Rent Theory
- Land at the centre is the most expensive because it is the most accessible and there is only a limited amount of land available--> high demand
- Land value generally decreases away from a central area
47
Burgess Model Idea (3)
- Based on the idea that competition is high in the central parts of the settlement
- Leads to high rise, high density buildings found near the CBD
- Low density , sparse developments on the edge of the town or city
48
Burgess Model Hierarchy (4)
- New migrants moved into the inner city where housing is the cheapest and close to employment
- Manufacturing zone includes high density, low quality housing to accommodate the workers
- Land in the centre is dominated by commerce as this industry is best able to afford the high land prices and requires highly accessible sites
- Housing quality and social class increase with distance from the city centre
49
Burgess Model: CBD (5)
1. People live in expensive flats and apartments
2. Lots of shops, offices and restaurants
3. High prices of land so buildings are built up
4. Often the zone with the oldest and newest buildings
5. Transport hubs: trains
50
Burgess Model: The inner city (4)
1. Terraced housing built for factory workers
2. Streets often narrow
3. Very little green, open space
4. Derelict factories, corner shops and takeaway
51
Burgess Model: Inner suburbs (5)
1. Semi detached housing with small gardens and garages
2. Mainly built between the interwar period
3. The streets are more spacious
4. Grew rapidly in the UK with growth of the rail network
5. Has pubs, restaurants, cafe, small businesses
52
Burgess Model: Outer Suburbs (4)
1. Large detached houses with a front and back garden and double garage
2. Streets are wide and lined with trees
3. Golf Courses, football pitches and airports
4. Large supermarkets/shopping malls are found due to the availability of land
53
Rural Urban Fringe
The area at the very edge of a city and it forms a transition zone between the city and surrounding countryside
54
Burgess Model Limitation (4)
1. Old
2. Doesn't consider physical geography
3. Gentrification isn't considered
4. Criticised for being Eurocentric and reflecting developed cities ONLY
55
Hoyt Model (1939) (2)
- Emphasizes the importance of transportation routes and physical barriers which provide a very definite boundary to a sector
- Emphasizes the incompatibility of certain land uses e.g. manufacturing deters high class housing
56
Hoyt Model Limitations (2)
- Little reference to the physical environment
- No reference to out of town developments
57
Urbanisation
An increase in the percentage of a population living in urban areas
58
Causes of Urbanisation (6) (think of 4)
- Job opportunities
- Transportation
- Education
- Services
- Advancement in Technology
- Availability of resources
59
Megacity
A city that contains more than 10 million people
60
Issues of rapid urbanisation (4)
1. Air Pollution
2. Traffic congestion
3. Water pollution
4. Housing Issues
61
Issues of rapid urbanisation: Air Pollution
Causes: Industrial development and increase in vehicles
Effects: Each year thousands of people die because of poor air quality
62
Issues of rapid urbanisation: Traffic congestion
Causes: Lack of good public transport, overcrowding and rapid expansion
Effects: Delayed journeys, increase in fuel consumption, adds to green house gases, health issues
63
Issues of rapid urbanisation: Water pollution
Causes: Large number of people, industries and vehicles that discharge pollution into rivers
Effects: Can cause fires and damage wildlife
64
Issues of rapid urbanisation: Housing issues
Causes: Increase in demand
Effects: Poor quality housing, low availability and affordability
65
Solutions to Urban Issues: Waste (3)
1. Improve public awareness: recycling, landfill sites, incineration plants
2. Development of effective sanitation systems and treatment plants
3. Rubbish management
66
Solutions to Urban Issues: Air Pollution (2)
1. Closure of old factories and importation of clean technology
2. Use of cleaner fuels
67
Solutions to Urban Issues: Water pollution (3)
1. Control of sources of pollution at source by regulation and fining
2. Development of main drainage systems and sewers
3. Removal of contaminated land sites
68
Solutions to Urban Issues: Water supply overuse (2)
1. Construct reservoirs and increase desalination of salt water
2. Water conservation strategies
69
Solutions to Urban Issues: Transport related issues (3)
1. Introduction to cleaner car technology
2. Movement from private cars to public transport
3. Creation of compact and more sustainable cites
70
Managing Urban Growth: Curitiba Case Study Introduction (3)
- Located in southern Brazil
- Aims are to improve the environment, reduce pollution and waste, improve the quality of life of residents
- Rapid population growth from 3000 in 1950 to over 2.1 million in 1990
71
Managing Urban Growth: Curitiba Case Study Solutions (4)
1. City has a 600 million dollar budget every year
2. Reducing car use (Bus networks and cycle paths)
3. Plenty of open space and conserved natural environments
4. Good recycling schemes
72
Managing Urban Growth: Curitiba Case Study Bus Networks (4)
- A good bus system with express bus lanes
- Used by 1.4million daily
- Cheap fare so low income earners spend only 10% of their income on travel
- Traffic has declined by over 30% since 1974 even though the population has doubled
73
Managing Urban Growth: Curitiba Case Study Cycle Paths (3)
- Over 200km of bike paths in the city
- A bike rack at every bus terminal to connect the cycle network to the bus network
- Able to rent bikes
74
Managing Urban Growth: Curitiba Case Study open space and conserved natural environments (3)
- Residents have planted 1.5 million trees
- Builders get tax breaks if their project includes green space
- Water is diverted to lakes to prevent flooding
75
Managing Urban Growth: Curitiba Case Study Recycling Schemes (2)
- 70% of rubbish is recycled
- Paper recycling saves 1200 trees per day
Geography
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