short answer

Question 1

Explain two reasons for the management and protection of ES

Answer 1

• 4 operations interact together and rely on each other to sustain life
• Intrinsic value

Question 2

Biophysical interactions leading to diverse Ecosystems

Answer 2

ES functions by transferring and circulating materials and energy between abiotic and biotic components
There are 2 major cycle
1. The energy Cycle: The suns energy is passed down (gradually lessens as energy transforms to heat) : Sun- Producer- 1st order consumer (Herb), 2nd con (small darn) and 3rd con (large carn)
2. The nutrient cycle: elements and compounds help feed animals and plants: Main nutrients out of 18 :Micro nutrients: Carbon, calcium, Nitrogen, magnesium, Oxygen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Sulpher
Enters: erosion, weathering, rainfall
Leaves: Erosion from soil, humans remove by harvest which can wash away essential elements

Question 3

Outline 1 biophysicla interaction that contributes to a diverse ecosystem (2)

Answer 3

The atmosphere = major influence eon why there is diversity

• The operation of temp and prec impact plant life on biosphere
• Locations of high temps and precipitation= rain forests, thick vegetation

Question 4

Describe a change that affects the functioning of an ecosystem you have studied

Answer 4

Coral reefs are ecosystems extremely vulnerable to temp changes
- GW led to coral bleaching of GBR
Temp increases put stress on coral polyps where an injection of zooanxthelea is made before they die
This allows white limestone exoskeleton to show the bleaching phenomena
- If climate change is not stopped, coral bleaching will occur at higher rates where at years 2030-2070, it will occur annually

Question 5

Recommend 1 primary method that could be used in the management of and EAR you have studied

Answer 5

At the Great Barrier Reif:
Primary Research of conducting surveys on tourists can indicate where there may be lack of awareness in its vulnerability, education should limit the consequences of tourism such as stealing,
Secondary: Comparative satellite image of past and present. Indicate damages overtime and assist in zoning out harmful activities

Question 6

Describe the effect of one natural and one human induced change on an EAR you have studied

Answer 6

• The shape and change of the reefs and coral cays of coral reef ecosystems as seen inn GBR - is a response to prevailing winds, waves, currents and the relict topography
• Storm damages creates greater diversity even though in short term reefs are damaged

2. Global warming
   - 1998: GBR suffered widespread coral bleaching
   - bleaching occurred in 1997/8
   - main cause was increase in temps
   - Some reed provinces suffered severe deaths
   - up to 90% in the maldives, Sri Lanka, Kenya gone
   - GBR escaped, with little long term damage

Question 7

Maintaing species diversity

Answer 7

Interdependence of species demonstrated trough 
1. Symbiosis mutualism
Paratism
Commensalism
Allelepathy

Question 8

Maintaining Genetic diversity is important for the management and protection of ecosystems

Answer 8

Change sin GD such as loss of species leads to loss of biological diversity

• Importance in the survival and adaptability of species
• The population of species = diverse gene body, then there will be more variety of traits of individuals of that pop, natural selection, FITTEST SURVIVES
• essential for species to evolve

Question 9

How does geographical understanding of EAR help apply traditional and contemporary management?

Answer 9

BOth are effective, some not, need balance, best of both worlds,
™: Seasonal bunting, limit to fish sizes, totem on animal and take care of it

CM: Zoning

• dividing GBR into 5 sects to control activities
• Separates conflicting activities such as commercial fishing and tourism
• Also sets areas “off limits”

Question 10

Outline spatial patterns of tourism

Answer 10

Patterns of tourism esp. seen in Asia Pacific Regions, with OCeania and Asia experiencing highest growth rates
- The emergence of the affluent society, with high discretionary income demand for the tourist proct
- Developed and developing countries travel
TOP destinations now: US, China, Spain and Italy

Question 11

Describe the Impact of Tourism

Answer 11

• Undesirable cultural changes
• Native culture may be weakened by commercialisation of culture and identity
  eg. Creation of ‘molas’, which are blouses worn by Kuna women in Columbia, used to reflect nature and spiritual life of the Kuna nation.
  Now it is increasingly being transformed by tourism–> less spiritual value

Question 12

Express 2 factors contributing to the future Directions of Tourism

Answer 12

The Natural Phenomenon

• Growing awareness of Environmental Issues
• Growing attractions away from urban environment, towards nature a ‘pressure valve’
• Travel companies have recognised the potential of this marketing niche
• Jungle tourism: Elephant safari through the Jaladpara National Park, India for eg.
  2. Socio Cultural Factor
• Awareness of undesirable changes may affect the propensity of populations to indulge tourism in the future

Question 13

Explain how changing use of tech has influenced an economic activity you studied

Answer 13

Travel Trend: Rise of conspicuous leisure
“the signaling of social status through consumption of experience rather than through consumer goods.”

“Unique experiences, and not just for the affluent, are social currency,”

goods and experiences desired by the affluent are: 

• owning a smartphone
• owning a vacation home
• having the freedom to work from home
• taking vacations to exotic destinations
• taking extended time off from work

Question 14

Statistics on China, Russia and Europe

Answer 14

3. China, which became the largest outbound market in 2012 with an expenditure of US$ 102 billion, saw an increase in expenditure of 28% in the first three quarters of 2013.
4. The Russian Federation, the 5th largest outbound market, reported 26% growth through September.
5. Europe led growth in absolute terms, welcoming an additional 29 million international tourist arrivals in 2013, raising the total to 563 million. Growth (+5%) exceeded the forecast for 2013 and is double the region’s average for the period 2005-2012
6. Africa (+6%) attracted three million additional arrivals, reaching a new record of 56 million reflecting the on-going rebound in North Africa (+6%) and the sustained growth of Sub-Saharan destinations

Question 15

2 groups dominating flow of tourism

Answer 15

→ “Millennials are a much more ethnically diverse group than other generations and so are more interested in international travel,”
→ “Seniors are not only the world’s wealthiest group, they are also the most demanding of travelers,”
“unstoppable elders” are estimated to comprise 1.3 billion to 1.6 billion people worldwide.