1
Q
deciduous trees
A
trees which shed leaves annually, as opposed to evergreens
2
Q
evergreen trees
A
trees having green leaves throughout the year, as opposed to deciduous
3
Q
datum
A
a horizontal plan elevation used as reference for other elevations in surveying and mapping
4
Q
utility
A
a public service, such as telephone, was, gas, or electricity
5
Q
flood plain
A
the land surrounding a flowing stream over which water spreads when a flood occurs
6
Q
How is a parcel of land described?
A
- described according to the property lines and boundaries. A metes and bounds survey identifies the length and compass orientation of each property line.
- It can also be described by its location within a township or subdivision.
7
Q
frost line
A
A max depth at which soil will freeze, below this depth soils will remain above freezing.
8
Q
Cut and Fill
A
a method of grading used to create a level area on a sloped site. to cut is to remove soil, to fill is to add soil. ideally, this type of grading should be limited in order to minimize the impact on a naturally occurring site.
9
Q
What are the 4 main site factors that affect the physical form of a building?
A
1. Site to Structure - flat or passive site
2. Site to Form Relationships - the line of the site should be considered in relation to the buildings form
3. Vegetation - plants, bushes, and trees on a site create shapes, textures, and mass which have a visual impact on a buildings form
4. Climate - cold climates require compact building forms. Hot climates require open, airy plans that allow for good air circulation. Also, climates with substation snow and rain are likely to incorporate sloped roof surfaces.
10
Q
Macroclimate
A
- based on latitude, elevation and proximity to water
- prevailing weather conditions of a region through th eyear and average over a number of years
characterized by
- Islands/Costal Region=constant & moderate temperature
- Arid/Desert Region=low humidity & greater temperature variation
- Mountainous Region=winds are forced to rise
11
Q
Microclimate
A
- The modification of prevailing weather conditions by site specific features such as bodies of water, hills, trees, paved areas, and buildings.
- based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude
- Greatest sun rays= perpendicular to ground
- Winter Solstice = least hours of sun and low sun angle
- Summer Solstice =most hours of sun and high sun angle
- Vernal/Autumnal Equinox= equal hours of sun and dark
12
Q
Climate is described quantitatively by:
A
- temperature range and distribution
- hours of daylight
- wind direction and velocity
- amount of relative humidity and precipitation
13
Q
Degree day (dd)
A
the amount by which the average outdoor temperature at a paticular location is below 65 degrees F for one day
14
Q
chill factor
A
fictitious temp assigned to a combination of actual temp and wind velocity which = the same effect as still air
15
Q
Equinox
A
- vernal - approx March 21st
- autumn - approx Sept 22nd
- when the sun crosses the plane of the equater and the day and night are equal length
- northern hemispher, the summer solstice is Jume 21st
- winter solstice approx Dec 22nd
16
Q
cluster
A
type of residential siting, where a series of housing units are grouped closely together and surrounded by open space
17
Q
Albedo
A
Reflectivity measured as the relative permeability of a surface of radient energy flowing in either direction
18
Q
runoff coefficient
A
the percentage of total rainfall which is not absorbed in the ground and runs off.
19
Q
invert
A
the lowest point of the inside of a drain, pipe, channel or other liquid carrying conduit
20
Q
coniferous
A
describing cone-bearing evergreen trees and shrubs, such as pines, spruce, fir, and cedar
21
Q
drain tile
A
Clay pipe, usually with open joints, used to convey water away from a footing or to disperse liquid in a septic tank
22
Q
backfill
A
earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been removed
23
Q
transpiration
A
the process by which water vapor escapes into the atmosphere from plants
24
Q
water table
A
- the level below which the subsoil is completely saturated with water aka groundwater level
25
Designing Places for People
What design principles can be implemented that will help minimize the issue of personal safety?
1. design for the needs of the lcoal residents to enocourage a well used space
2. concentrate activites in a limited number of areas. results in a concentration of people which fosters a sense of safely in numbers
3. promote foot traffic through the space by providing a shortcut to a destination or providing featrues that make the space more inviting that alternate routes
4. visibility into the space from the surrounding area will promote a sense of public surveillance. Provide lighting for evening activities
5. provide a protected play area for small children as well as comfortable and convenient seating for their parents
26
1. lot area
2. lot line
3. building line
4. air rights
5. access rights
6. setback
7. land coverage
8. property line
9. buildable area
10. barrier - free
1. a total horizontal area within the boundary lines of a parcel of land
2. the boundary line of a lot
3. a line, usually parrallel to the property line, where a structure cant extend into
4. the rights to the use or control of the air space above a property
5. the right of an owner to have ingress to and from a property
6. the minimum distance from the property line into which a structure cant extend
7. the ratio of the area covered by buildings to the total lot area, expressed as a percent
8. a legal boundary of a parcel of land
9. the net ground area of a lot which can be covered by a building after required setbacks and other zoning limitations have been accounted for
10. having no environemntal barriers, permitting free access and circulation by the handicapped
27
catchment area
* the geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn, such as the customers of a shopping center or the employees of a manufacturing plant
* grows and shrinks with activity
* aka as trade market and tributary area
* residential areas most likely determined by transit areas
28
manhole
a hole through which a person can enter a sewer, pipe, conduit, and so on for inspection, repair or maintenance
29
environmental impact statement
a statement often required by a governmental body, which assess the environmental impact of a proposed development
30
1. enchroachment
2. Riparian Rights
1. the extension of a building into the property of another
2. water rights entitle an owner whose property is adjacent to a river or other body of water the use of that water for various purposes including irrigation, generating electricity, transportation, and fishing as well as other industrial uses.
31
What determines roof gutter size?
the size of the roof and the max recorded local rainfall
32
name 3 site features that can be used as wind block
1. hill or berm
2. another structure
3. non - deciduous trees like spruce or fir planted adjacent to a bldg
33
when an architect has to build a building on a small, sloping, grassy site where a swale exists with very little environmental impact, whats the most appropriate solution?
Use a caisson and raised slab and the future driveway will become hardscape so construction impact will be localized.
34
1. Ecology
2. Ecosystem
1. the study of living organisms in relationship to their environment
2. an environemnt of living organisms and non living organisms, constantly changing, if one component removed then the system will evolve to make new relationships
35
name the 4 soil groups, most to least stable
**gravel**
* aggregate or soft rock, excellent foundation base and best for drainage
**sands**
* loose grandular rock, excellent foundation base, good drainage
**silt**
* fine sedimentary deposited by running water, consists of sand, silt, clay and organic material
* stable when dry, unstable when wet
**clay**
* finely ground rock, fromed by decomposition and hydration of certian rock
* expands when wet, hard when dry
36
Business Improved Districts
* Used to fund public space improvements to enhance areas appeal
* All business owners who benifit pay this tax
37
Eminent Doman
* Right of the state to take private property without owners conset with fair market value compensation
* most likely used for public government, public devepment or easement
38
Floor Area Ratio
FAR = Gross Area/Site Area
39
What is the purpose of creating an artifical flood plain?
* reclaim buildable land that was previously part of the natural flood plain.
* the builder uses levees and berms to sculpt the stream corridor away from the desired land
40
What are concerns for a developer when thinking about catchment areas in an URBAN area?
Access to the convention center from transportation lines
41
what is a primary site development concern for a large scale project such as shopping malls, stadium, and schools.
* Drainage
* bc of extensive paving required
* must look into biofilteration strips, swales, and stormwater retention strategies and drain water away from bldg and surfaces.
42
Proctor Test
* a test method to determine the optimum relationship between **moisture** content and **compaction** of soil.
* fill is placed on site in a series of compacted layers or lifts of 8-12 inches
43
Percolation test
* A test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs **effluent.**
* used to asses the **suitability of soil for a leachfield**
* measures the time it takes for the water level to drop one inch in a test hole, tested in several locations
44
Order of site work
1. set batter boards
2. remove and save top 6 inches of top soil
3. earth work: grading and excavation
4. rough grading: addition or removal of earth prior to construction
5. finish grading: preperation for landscaping prior to the end of construciton
45
angle of repose
* the greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding
* angle varies with the size and shape of the soil grains
* loose wet clay or silt 30%
* compact dry clay: 100%
* wet sand: 80%
* dry sand: 65%
46
Name 2 methods if reducing hydrostatyic pressure on a foundation wall
1. install a drain tile at the foodign and backfill with a lyaer of gravel and soil
2. install an open web mattign against the foundation wall prior to the backfilling with gravel and soil. the water looses pressure as it flows into the matting and runs down the foundation wall and into the drain tile
47
Why is erosion undesirable and how can it be controlled?
* It causes the distruption and removal of topsoil and native plant life that has evolved over centuries.
* the topsoil can be carefully stock-piled on site and reused for final grading
* Proper Site Drainage: minimize impervious suface areas; instal natural stormwater treatment systems such as biofilteration areas, vegetated swales or other on site bioretention feature.
* native planting: plant roots help to stabilize the soil
* retaining wall: this helps reduce the amount of sloping grading
* application of riprap: a faceing of loose rough stone of various size helps to stablize the sloped topsoil
48
comparison method
* compare to similar lots
* most accurate
49
development method
when the comparison method isnt available, use estimated selling price of lot, cost to develop , time to develop which equals net price
50
Risidual/Income method
* highest and best used
* used in highly developed areas by estimating potential income from improvedments that yeild highest return
51
Allocation Method
* used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of improvements to get value of land
52
Air Pollution Inversion Phenomenon
* the air temperature and ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants
53
soil boring log
a log showing types of soil encoutered in a test boring and other relevent information
54
discharge
flow from a culvert, sewer, or ther channel
55
catch basin
a seivelike device at the entrance of a storm sewer which traps matter that could block the sewer
56
improved land
land on which buildngs have not yet been construction, but which contains utilities and streets
57
baffle
a partial obstruction against flow, in a duct or pipe
58
macadam
paving using crushed stone
59
granolith
concrete used for paving which uses crushed granite as the coarse aggregate
60
dry well
a pit, usually filled with coarse stone, into which water is conducted for leaching out into the surrounding soil
61
swale
a graded flow path used in open drainage systems
contuors point up toward high elevations
62
bioretention
process in which contaminants and sedimentation are removed from stormwater runoff.
63
proxemics
study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and socail interaction
64
socialfungal
group of people arranged for privacy
65
sociopetal
group of people arranged to encourage socail behavior
66
bearing
in surveying, a direction stated in degrees, minutes, and seconds as an angular deviation east or west from due north or south
67
aquifer
an underground geological formation through which water flows
68
1. soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water
2. the most stable soil type
3. soft dark soil containing organic matter, poor bearing capacity
4. rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt and clay
1. alluvium
2. bedrock
3. humus
4. loam
69
berm
a bank of earth, often piled up against a wall
70
way
street, ally or easment permanently established for passage of persons of vehicles
71
subsoil
the soil BENEATH the topsoil
72
sewer
an underground pipe or drainage used to carry off rainwater (storm sewer) or waste matter (sanitary sewer)
73
grading
* removing and or adding earth in order to bring the ground surface to a specified elevation or profile
* aka earthwork
74
1. parterre
2. gazebo
3. exedra
1. an ornamental garden arrangement
2. a belvedere or viewing place
3. a semicircular open area, with or without a roof, proving a continuous seat
75
1. court
2. court pattern
1. an open space unobstructed to the sky, located at or above grade and bounded by 3 or more sides by the walls of a buildng
2. a housing pattern in which units face into a common open space
76
culvert
a length of pipe, running under a road or other barrier used to drain or carry water
77
bench
an excavated level terrace in a slope used to collect running water
78
invert
* Lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer pipe or other plumbing line.
* For drains and sewers, this point must be established due to dependance of gravity
79
storm drain
* underground conduit used to carry **rainwater**, not sewage from a catch basin to a paved channel or body of water.
* controls runoff and erosion in high density areas with impervious surfaces.
* diameter is determined by the regions rainfall in inches per hour
80
To avoid damaging an old tree, what precations can be taken?
* do not grade under the drip line of a tree which is indicated by the boudary of the tree's outer roots
* minor cuts and fills near the tree should be made with stacked rocks - this helps with moisure and air circulation
81
What aspects of URBAN site development are of environmental concern?
Microclimate - shade patterns, wind patters, drainage patterns, noise, traffic
urban IN-FILL or adaptive re-use projects offten have a limited impact on existing infrastructure, unlike suburban development
82
If a building is sprinklered, what additional increases are given?
* additional story plus 20' in height
83
A **set back** is addressed by what type of restriction?
zoning codes which is paticular to a city at district, the regulation of landuse
also restricts building volume
84
What resticts a mobile home from being built on a paticular tract of land?
* A covenant, restrictive covenant
* type of deed restriction
* provision in the deed that places limitations by the buyer on the piece of land
* commonly used to maintain aesthetics uniformity or construction quality and may be enforced for a period of years
85
What type of parking layout allows for the maximum quantity of parking stalls?
60
90
45
90 degree the most efficient
30 is the least efficient (one way circulation)
45 increases the efficiency (herringbone)
86
if the foundation for a new building has peat which is the best replacement?
sand
87
Name 2 ways of reducing soloar energy in a building?
1. Louvres, overhangs or baffles - can reduce energy by 15%
2. Locate the buidlng in shadow of existing trees; decidous trees allow insolation in winter months
88
ADA
American Disability Act - law prohibits discrimination based on disability
89
BOMA
Building Owners & Managers Association
Professional organization for commercail real estate profesionals
90
Fair Housing Act
* Law that prohibits discrimination based on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, disability, origin, etc
* required for new buildings with 4 or more units and elevations
91
HUD
US dept of Housing and Urban development
92
Name 8 land categories
Agricultural
Commercail
Government
Industrial
Institutional
Natural Resources
Open / Conservation
Residential
93
Field Measurements
Laser Scanning
Photogrammetry
1. Taken by hand
2. Remotely measure existing space (quick)
3. Establishes control point & hand survey to get base coordinate system (long)
94
**Wind speeds**
basic speed
unnoticeable
Pleasant
Pleasant & Noticeable
Drafty
Unconfortable
**ft/min**
70 to 80 ft/min
les 50 ft/min
50 to 100 ft/min
100 to 200 ft/min
200 to 300 ft/min
over 300 ft/min
95
4 types of streets
Number of cars needed for a traffic light?
Number of cars needed for a grade seperation?
1. local - low, direct acces to site
2. collector - loop distributer drive - connection to L and A
3. arterial - high capacity connect to expressway
4. expressways - high volume circulation
750 cars per hour
3000 cars per hr
96
Deed Restriction
* Places limits on property
* cant be changed for future development
97
Restrictive Covenant
* limits what owners can do in residential settings
* to maintain a certain aesthic appeal
98
Affirmative Covenant
* commits a buyer to performing duties in the future
* HOA costs
99
Conditional Covenant
* If restriction is voilated, land will be reverted back to original user/owner
100
1. Matrix Diagram
2. Bubble Diagram
3. Block Diagram
4. Block and Stacking
1. **numerical** values of required relationships
2. before space planning create a loose drawing of circles that indicates required adjacencies, priorities or relationships, and relative sizes.
3. more accurate layout of spatial organizaton and sizes
4. Blocking: assigning departments to a defined area on a floor based on its desired adjacency and support requirements
Stacking: assigning floors/areas of floors to departments based on its desired adjacency and support requirements
101
What are some materials that surface streets are made up of?
concrete
asphalt
gravel
decomposed granit
102
1. What are the best trees to block summer sun?
2. What is the best place to put a building on a hill?
1. Deciduous; if facing south
2. Middle; top to cold, air settles in valleys
103
Uniform Soil Classification System (USC)
Determines drainage potential, **bearing capacity,** and **erosion potential**. Classified by grain size and physical characteristics such as well-graded, uniformly-graded, gap-graded, organic and inorganic. other characteristics include:
* color - the amount of organic matter, drainage and fertility
* texture - indicates the ability of the soil to hold water and its workability
* structure - flattened granular or chunky
104
G = d/L (100)
g = percentage of slope
d = vertical distance between points
L = horizontal distance between points
105
Pedestrian Circulation
1. area of person
2. easy movement
3. crowd movement
4. no movement
5. sidewalks
6. collector walks
1. 3 SF/PERSON
2. 13
3. 7
4. 3
5. 5' wide min
6. 6' to 10' wide min
106
US Survey Divided
* **Check**: area 24 mi. on a side defined by parallels/meridians & divided into 16 townships
* **Township**: area 6 miles on a side; divided into 36, 1-mile sections
* **Section**: 1 mile square parcel of land containing 640 acres
* **Quarter Section**: area 1/2 miles on each side
107
Cardo and Decumanus
* the two major streets in a Roman town, perpendicular
108
Allow\_\_\_\_sf / car for parking andcirculation
Allow\_\_\_\_sf / car for parking
Allow 400 sf / car for parking andcirculation
Allow 300 sf / car for parking
109
Metes and bounds
verbal description of land that begins at a known point and describes the bearing and length of each side of the property until the point of the beginning is reached
110
Crown/Ridge
contours point “down” toward the lower elevation
111
Swale/Valley
contours point “**up**” towards the higher elevation
112
Flume
elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport things like logs and fish
113
Weir
* embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow.
114
**Heat Transmission**
In northern latitudes
In southern latitudes
* In northern latitudes, heat transmission through **walls** is critical
* In southern latitudes, heat transmission through **roof** is critical
115
Levels of Soil:
Levels A-D
Levels of Soil
A Level = Topsoil (organic/mineral material)
B Level =Minerals
C Level = Partially weathered/fractured rock
**D Level=Bedrock**
116
Humus
* soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity
117
Loam
* rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay
* USED FOR GARDENING/FARMING
118
Wash boring
* the **drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock** beneath very compact soil.
* **used when the soil is too compact to use an auger**
* A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock.
119
Auger boring
* soil testing that uses an auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. **Most efficient** in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed.
* limited depth 50 ft
120
Core boring
* an intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock.
* diamond drill
* results usually recorded
* **Very reliable and expensive**
121
Test pit
* an excavation of an open pit that allows for a **visual examination** of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing.
* Can determine the depth of the water table.
122
Spread Footing
* Most economical…$ method.
* Delivers load directly to soil
* Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity
123
Mat Foundations
* Very expensive…$$$ method.
* Typically it's only used when the strata is weak,
* It acts as one continuous foundation.
124
Belled Caissons
* holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured.
* They're basically really, really deep spread footings
125
Socketed Caissons
* like Belled Caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata.
* Bearing capacity comes from end baring and frictional forces
126
End Bearing Piles
* 2-3x cost of spread footings.
* Driven until tip meets firm resistance from strata
127
Friction Pile
* Driven into softer soil.
* Friction transmits the load between pile and soil.
* Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker: the strength of the pile or the soil
128
Prevent Future Problems with drainage
* Connect new on-site drainage to naturaldrainage
* Design surface water runoff based on worst case storm scenario
* Prevent erosion by using channels, gutters, swales, and xerioscaping
129
Proprietary (Closed) Spec
* not allow for substitution, and typicallyused to control aesthetics, function
* Identify name, model number, finish type, and submittal requirement.
130
Descriptive (Open) Spec
* used in competitive bidding, and does not give level of control in closed spec.
* Describe characteristics, materials, finishes, workmanship, and fabricationofproducts and give list of comparable manufactures.
131
Performance Spec
* used with vendors who propose products they think will meet requirements
* Describe only the desired/required results. Give no characteristicsor manufactures.
132
Incentive Zoning
* encourages private developers to **provide amenities** for public use **in exchange** for opportunity to build larger or taller structures on a site.
* IBM was allowed to build an extra 5 floor in exchange for a tree covered plaza on Manhattan Ave
* Bankers Trust Building in Manhattan was allowed greater tower height and floor area in exchange for providing larger elevated open plaza and a 2 level covered arcade of shops
133
Nonconforming Use
* building is no longer permitted by the zoning ordinance. Typically allowed to stay unless it's unsafe.
134
Conditional Use
* a building that is permitted in an area that it is not zoned to
* benefit the public (e.g.: an elementary school in a residential neighborhood)
* departure from tradition zoning, prohibited any uses ina district other than those specifically allowed by the ordinance
* a public hearing and approval from local governing body must be met
* normally granted if its condsidered to be in the publics interest
* if the development was abandoned then the property would revert to its original district designation.
135
Variance
applied for by an owner on a private site to ask to deviate from an ordinance in order to avoid hardship.
136
Spot Zoning
* a change in the zoning ordinance for a particular area
* sometimes used to increase property value
137
Ordinance
a municipal law
138
Zoning
uniform standards of construction originating in NYC in 1916 to protect the health, welfare and safety of people. Regulates the use of land, light, air, and open space while protecting property values and protecting against nuisances (factories in residential areas), undesirable businesses (porn shops by schools) and dangers (hazardous chemicals in public areas).
139
Slopes in parking lots should be \_\_max
In multiple story lots, ramps should be __ max, with \_transitions
5% MAX
15% MAX
8'
140
Residential Catchment Areas
determined by local transit systems
141
Retention Pond
designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. Usually the pond is designed to have drainage leading to another location when the water level gets above the pond capacity, but still maintains a certain capacity
142
Detention Pond
low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water while slowly draining to another location. They are more or less around for flood control when large amounts of rain could cause flash flooding if not dealt with properly
143
1. what if there is an Underground streams
2. what if the soil is soft clay
3. what if Rock at/near surface of site
4. what if there is Water within 6'-0” of land surface
1. avoid and be cautious of siting of structure
2. waterbearing sand or silt: construct deeper foundations or drive piles
3. use explosives to reduce manual labor
4. pump out excavation, waterproof basement, resist hydrostatic pressure (continuous drain pipe installed at foundation)
144
Borings
: locations depend on nature of the building and should be 20'-0” past firm strata
145
Proxemics
the study of spatial requirements of humans and the effects of population density on behavior, communication and social interaction
146
Typical Human Comfort Zone
Winter = 63°F - 71°F
Summer = 66°F - 75°F
Tolerable humidity = 30% - 60%
Uncomfortable humidity = + 75%
147
* Noise
* Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as \_\_x loud.
* Winds add “\_\_\_\_” that blurs any one soundf requency.
* Typically doubling the distance between source and ear reduces level by \_\_decibels
Smallest difference in 2 sounds the human ear can detect is 1 decibel
Sleeping, studying, whispering = 30 decibels
Conversation, comfort= 50 - 60 decibels
Safety Threshold = 85 decibels
Rock Band = 90 - 100 decibels
* Each increase of 10 decibels the human ear perceives as 10x loud.
* On freeways, doubling the distance between source and ear reduce level by 3 decibels
* Winds add “white noise” that blurs any one soundf requency.
* Typically doubling the distance between source and ear reduces level by 6decibels
148
Most common sources for lead poisoning are by breathing or swallowing the following
Deteriorating lead based paint
Lead contaminated dust
Lead contaminated residential soil
149
Biophilia
the connections that humans subconsciously seek with the rest of life.
150
Organic feedstock
something organic (wood fiber, paper, cotton, etc.) that mold can use as an energy source. Mold cannot eat inorganic materials like concrete, brick, or gypsum (but it loves the paper on drywall!)
151
Design Temperature
the average temperature that a mechanical system isdesigned either for heating (how cold it gets) or cooling (how warm itgets)
152
Pro-forma
financial analysis of a building project which involves cost/returnon
investment
153
1. Construction Cost
2. Construction Budget
3. Contractor's OH/Profit
4. Surveys, testing, fees, FF&E
1. Amount of $$ to build
2. 85% construction cost
3. 15 - 40% construction cost
4. 15%
154
what is included in the project budget?
1. On Site construction =10-20
2. Building construction=10-15
3. Contingencies=5-10% of construction cost
4. Professional Services
5. Inspection and Testing
6. Financing
7. NO overhead included utility/off site construction and site aquisition
155
Types of cost estimating for a building depends on the phase of the project it is developed to:
* **Pre-Planning/Proposal**: based on _unit costs_ (the cost per person, cost per bed, cost per sf, etc)
* **Programming**: based on _unit cost system_ (cost per sf) based on similar building types and/or functions of spaces
* **Schematic Design**: based on the _major elements_ of each building system (mechanical, electrical, plumbing, structure)
* **Design Development**: based on _detailed components_ (curtain walls, storefronts, lay- in ceilings, etc)
156
Professional Liability
* Held by architects/design professionals.
* Liability due to negligence or not meeting the standard of care expected of them. (eg: not designing ADA compliant restrooms in a publicbuilding)
157
1. **Workers Comp**
2. **Property / Builders Risk**
3. **Loss of Use:**
4. **Product & Completed Operations**
5. **Property/Builders Risk**
1. **Workers Comp**: Held by almost everyone. Liability to employees for injury or sickness as a result of their employment.
2. **Property/Builders Risk**: Held by owner. Covers any damages, loss of work on site/ off site/in transit.
3. **Loss of Use**: Held by owner. Covers any financial loss due to delay in construction because of damage, accidents, fire, other hazards needed to be dealt with.
4. **Product & Completed Operations**: held by contractor. Liability for damages caused by installed goods after the construction phase and transfer of title.
5. **Contractual/lndemnification Liability** assumed by contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events.
6. **Property/Builders Risk** Liability assumed by contract where contractors agree to hold owners/architects harmless for damages that are the result of specific events.
158
1. Mediation
2. Arbitration
3. Litigation
4. Subrogation
1. **Mediation**: not legally binding. Use of a mediator to reach agreement between each party
2. **Arbitration**: legal technique for the resolution of disputes outside the courts. It's a form of binding dispute resolution, equivalent to litigation in the courts.
3. **Litigation**: conflicts/disputes that are resolved in a court of law. Typically a last option.
4. **Subrogation:** legal technique where an insure takes over for a party for whom it has made a payment. (e.g. damage to a property under construction caused by a subcontractor is covered by insurance who then sues subcontractor in the owner's name)
159
1. Gantt/Bar Chart
2. Critical Path Method:
3. Critical Path
4. Float
5. Total Float
1. **Gantt/Bar Chart:** illustrates **_start to finish dates_** of a project broken out by activity. They focus primarily on schedule management rather than the size of the projector the relative size of the workelements/activities. Can't show the relationship between activities
2. **Critical Path Method**: all events expected to occur and operations to be performed in completed a given process are rendered in a form permitting determination of the optimum sequence and duration of each operation.The diagram is called a **Network Diagram**. **Circles are are start and finishes**, arrows are tasks, numbers show the time for each task to
3. **Critical Path**: the path with the **longest required time** from start to finish is the basis for the schedule. Activities on this path are called critical activities.
4. **Float:** range of time during which non critical activities can start/end **without affecting the overall schedule**
5. **Total Float:** individual float times added together don't influence the critical path time
160
Factors to think about when using environmentally preferable building materials
* Build to the size that is needed and nol arger
* Use materials/systems engineered for maximum efficiency
* Use durable materials that last longer and with fewer maintenance resources
* Avoid irreplaceable/engaged resources
* Use renewable/well managed resources
* Use recycled/recyclable resources and avoid anything that's toxic
* Avoid materials that generate pollution during manufacturing, building, use,disposal
* Use materials with low embodied energy (how much fossil fuel did it take to ake?)
* Use materials the help conserve energy (thermal mass for lightreflective surfaces, radiant barriers,insulation)
161
Ways to Conserve Water
* Reduce potable water use in irrigation and fixtures by using drip-irrigation or low- flow/gray water appliances
* Use local vegetation that requires minimal or no irrigation
* Catch rainwater for flushing fixtures, irrigation
* Treat blackwater through an on site living machine so it can be reused
* Use few impervious surfaces
162
Create Healthy Indoor Environments
* **Ample daylight** and **proper ventilation** lead to greater satisfaction, more comfort,and increasedproductivity.
* Supply fresh outdoor use **passive ventilation** or “Mixed-mode” systems in larger buildings that supply a mix of fresh/mechanical
* Offer natural light and **views** to the outdoors with windows, skylights, light shelves,and the use of light colors
* **Control temperature** and humidity with passive and mechanical technologies that are individually controlled by occupants.
* Prevent moisture build up.
163
Curvilinear System
* responds to topography of land and aligns natural contours
* desirable form at a small scale
* many **PUD** employ this system, better views and street systems
164
Most desirable grade separation
**clover leaf**
based on a system of right turns
165
non amulatory
semi ambulartory
coordination
hearing
wheelchair
difficulty walking
muscle control problems
cant hear
166
If the building is protected throughout by a sprinkler system then what additional increases are allowed to the building?
Buildings are allowed to have a one story and 20'-0” height increase if the building is protected throughout by a sprinkler system (does not apply to H occupancies)
167
Exit access
Exit access: distance a building occupant must travel from the most remote point in the occupied portion of the exit access to the entrance of the nearest exit
Travel distance within a space is typically limited to 75'-0” before twodistinctpaths arerequired.
When a building requires two exits, the travel distance is only measure to oneofthe exits, notboth
The overall travel distance from any space within a suite of offices to an exitis 250'-0”, which includes the 75' of travel distance to anexit
168
Exit
a door that opens directly to the outside or a protected stair/ramp
Enclosed stairs are required to proved a fire-rated enclosure for 1 hour (2 hoursifstair connect 4+stories)
No limit on distance traveled within an enclosedexit
50% of exits can discharge through a lobby space on the level of exit dischargeifprotects and has a sprinklersystem
169
Exit discharge
Exit discharge: the path between the exit door and the public way.
No dimensional limits on the travel distance once outside the building (exceptifexits discharge onto abalcony).
170
What are some areas are not require to be accessible?
* Temporary construction facilities (e.g. Job shacks, scaffolding, trailers)
* Raised areas used for security/life safety (e.g. Security or life guardtowers)
* Non-occupiable service areas accessed infrequently for maintenance (e.g.Mechanical rooms,penthouses)
* Non-public animal containment areas
* Raised boxes and wrestling rings
* Raised structures for officiating/announcing sports events
171
Sheepsfoot
a tamper roller used during the soil compaction process whichhas large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity.
172
Wale
horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members
such as concrete form work.
173
Trenching
creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water.
174
Shoring
temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place
175
Underpinning
providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing
176
Raker
a temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation.
177
Cribbing
horizontal boards 2-4" thick placed between soldier beams to hold soil in place during excavation
178
Zoning Codes
Fire Resistance intentions
* Zoning Codes vary between every city, and influence building design through the regulation of land, function, size, and exterior elements.
* If zoning ordinances and building codes give different maximum heights or areas,the lower of the two takes precedence.
* Fire Resistance is intended to permit safe egress, maintain structural integrity, limit the spread of fire help extinguish blaze, limit damage, and avoid collapse.
* Each community has its own reviewprocess.
* Building permits include zoning, building/structural, life and locally specificreviews
179
**Egress Requirements**
Typical distance for common path of travel (point at where you have two or more routes)
Typical distance to an exit
Exits cannot pass through?
Typical common path of travel=75'-0” max perpath
Typical distance to an exit=250'-0”max
**Exits cannot pass through:**
Through rooms that can be locked to prevent egress
**One Fire Tower is required in buildings over 75'-0” (one exit,minimum)**
Noncombustible construction that is connected with mechanically vented vestibules on backup power or balconies
Doors must swing in the direction of travel
**The number of exits is based on the number of occupants**
Typically spaces with more than 50 occupants must have 2 exits
Required width of exits is determined by occupants on the floor plus an allowancefor occupants from floors above
**Elevators are not a means of egress**
Escalators provide a conduit for smoke and are **not an approved exit**
Ramps may constitute a portion of the require legal exits
Revolving doors **must collapse** to be part of required legal exit
180
Improve soil bearing capacity
# **Fill:** poor soil is replace with the appropriate soil, sand, and gravel mix
**Compaction:** usually of existing soil with a technique similar to compaction of fill.
**Densification:** use of heavy pounding piles/vibration/weights to compact and fill voids.
**Surcharging**: adding fill to existing soil and allowing settlement to take place with time.
**Mixing**: addition of sand or gravel to the soil.
181
Ergonomics
applied science concerned with designing equipment/furniture to maximize productivity by reducing fatigue and discomfort.
182
Carbon Footprint
Life cycle analysis
* the total set of greenhouse gas emissions caused by a person, place, or thing.
* an assessment of the environmental impacts of a product in each phase of its use, from raw material to disposal
183
Bulk Moisture
the flow of water through **holes, cracks, and other discontinuities** into the basement walls
184
Culvert
drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road
185
radial system
* directs flow to and from the common center, beltway forms and the system forms a radiocentric circulation pattern
186
The length of a cul de sac should not exceed \_\_\_ft and at least \_\_ft diameter turn around and free of parking
Max length of a block is \_\_\_\_
Width of a 2 lane highway with 9' shoulders
* 400 ft
* 80 ft
* 1600 ft
* 40'-42'-0”
187
What is the primary advantage for 60 degree parking?
its **easier** to use
188
**street design criteria**
curb radii should be ___ min
traffic lanes should be ___ ft wide
intersections should be at ___ angle
12 min
12 ft
no less than 70 degrees
189
wheel chair **paths** should not exceed a \_:\_ grade
wheel chair **ramps** should not exceed a \_:\_ grade
wheel chair **ramps** should not exceed __ ft in length
wheel chair **turning space** shoud not be less than ___ ft in diameter
* 1:20
* 1:12
* 30
* 5 ft
190
most areas wind speeds are ___ per hour
basic pressure at 70mph is __ psf
at ground wind speed is almost \_\_
wind increases with \_\_
if the wind velocity doubles, the wind pressure increases ____ fold
* 70-80 miles per hour
* 13 psf
* zero
* height
* four
191
U-value
* measure of *heat transmission*
* BTU per hours that passes through one square foot of wall or roof when the difference of temp is 1 degree F
* **low U value** indicates **slow heat loss or gain while high U value** indicates **rapid loss or gain of heat**
192
thermal inertia
* the ability of a **material to store heat**
* in areas with high diurnal (daily) temperature variation, **concrete or masonry walls have high heat** storage capabilities are used to store daytime heat and release it during the night
* this situation is prevelant in hot/arid zones, like Phoenix, Tx
193
temperate areas
* such as new york
* heavy materials on the west wall to delay impact of the late afternoon heat
* adequate insulation on all other walls
194
Semi -ropical areas
* have little daily temp variations
* such as miami
* utilization of natural breezes with sun shading is quite effective here
195
cool areas
* such as minneapolis
* require materials similar to those of temperate areas but with higher insulation values
* similar to temperate areas but with higher insulation values
* rigid insulation should be used at edges of slabs on grade to prevent heat loss in cool and termperate areas
* high heating demand and minimal cooling demand
196
metal corrosion happens in \_\_\_\_\_\_
wood splitting happens in \_\_\_\_\_
mold/fungi happens in \_\_\_\_
* the ocean, should be minimized
* In extremely dry areas such as Palm springs, CA and Arizona
* hot and humid areas (wood is vulnerable)
197
design temperature
* is a working average and not the lowest termperature ever recorded in the area
* mechanical design temp is for 75 degrees inside
198
hot and humid areas
require both heating and cooling, cooling being more critical
199
surface treatment materials used near water
stone, reinforced concrete, treated lumber, or steel
200
stream
* any body of water flowing in a channel such as a river or brook
* it flows varies with the year, the season, and the place, but a stream is always part of a natural drainage sysstem and therefore it should be disturbed as little as possible
* river banks should be left alone because shaping them would increase erosion
* for bridges place additional peirs oriented with their long dimension parallel to the direction of flow to minimize disruption of stream flow and resulting turbulance
201
freeboard
area in stream or body of water that allows waves or flood plans to rise with no damage
202
detention pond
* most rainfall be held here until the rain subsides,
* the rainfall is then released slowly without causing flooding
* sustainably preferred
* it is encouraged that the slope of the land be covered in wetland vegetation to allow the entering waters to be naturally filtered
203
flood plains
low density housing often permitted
204
aquifer
* underground permeable material through which water flows.
* clay and igneous rocks are bad aquifer, and gravel and sand is good
205
Soil composition determines \_\_\_\_
soil is formed by \_\_\_\_
* bearing capacity
* chemical decomposition fo rock, water, air, and temp action on rock and the decay of vegtable and animal matter
206
1. rock
2. slate and shale
3. boulders
4. decomposed rock
5. hard pan
6. gravel
7. sand
8. silt
9. clay
1. aka bedrock, solid material that forms the crust of the earth; strongest support
2. fine textured soft rock
3. rocks detached from bedrock
4. disintegrated rock masses that were orginally solid
5. consolidated mixture of gravel, clay and sand (good foundation base)
6. granular rock
7. loose particles, sand and gravel are excellent foudnation bases
8. fine grained sedimentary material deposited from running water (makes mud)
9. cohesive material, made from hydration of certain rock (least stable)
207
Soil Loading test
* loading platform is erected on site and incremental loads are applied
* the test load is doubled for the design load
208
dry sample boring
drive pipe with special split sampling pipe at the tip and contents removed every **5 inches** for sampling in lab
209
**These are properties tested from soil:**
1. specific gravity tests
2. grain size
3. grain shape
4. liquid and plactisity
5. water content
6. void ration
7. unconfined compression
1. to determine void ration
2. estimate permeability, frost action and shear strength
3. estimate shear strength
4. to obtain compressibility andn compaction values
5. to determine compressibility
6. to estimate shear strength
210
Who recommends **type of foundation** to be used and the **allowable soil bearing presssure?**
soil engineer
211
water table
waterstop
* building foundations should be located well above a sites water table to avoid potential damage from hydorstatic pressure or capillary action
* drain tile min diameter of six inches laid in gravel below the lowest floor slab
* waterstop used between slab on grade and the foundation wall to seal the joint against water penetration.
212
**Soil Modifications**
how can bearing capacity be increased?
What if subsoil is unusually soft or contains organic fill?
Soils can be compacted by the use of a\_\_\_\_\_
All soil modifications should be reveiwed by \_\_\_\_\_
* bearing capacity can be increased by deepening or increasing the bearing area of the footing
* drainage
* the material shoud be **removed and replaced with compacted granular materials**
* if thats too costly then soil consolidation can be used, using sand gravel or crushed stone.
* sheepsfoot
* local building department
213
A __ yr storm is used for residential area
while a __ year strom is used for shopping or extensively developed project.
5
25 or 50
214
1. underground drainage conduits min slope
2. proper slope away from bldg
3. proper slope for drainage ditch
4. max slope for a grassed area
5. mas slope if soil is stable and surface is protected
6. what material is drainage lines made of
7. max desired slope of crasy rec area
8. walks adjacent to bldgs
9. slope of parking aas
10. streets for vehicles
1. .03 MIN slope
2. 2 percent away from bldg edge
3. 2-10 percent
4. 25 percent max
5. 50 percent max
6. clay tile or plastic PVC
7. 3 percent max
8. 4 percent max (grades under 4 appear flat)
9. 5 percent max
10. 10 percent max (grades from 10 - 50 are steep and may be unusable and subject to surface erosion ) 15 percent is when a vehicle can sustain a speed
215
Topography map is prepared by\_\_\_\_
surveyor or civil engineer
216
1. Batter boards
2. before grading the top __ inches of topsoil is removed and stockpiled on site
3. rough grading
4. finish grading
5. backfill
1. offset from the building line to locate structure
2. 6
3. addition or removal of earth prior to construction
4. final distribution of earth at the conclusion of construction (usually accurate to 1 inch of finished elevation)
5. earth that is replaced around a foundation or retaining wall after the concrete forms have been removedm, shhould be deposited in layers of 6 to 12 inches
217
drought tolerant plants
water loving plants
**xero**phytes
**hydro**phytes
218
**Shallow Foundations**
1. if soils close to the ground are of adequate strength, what is the most economical foundation sytem?
2. what do you use when the soil conditions are poor?
1. shallow spread footings: column footing, wall footing, and a hyprid called combined or cantilevered footing; that is needed when a footing abuts a property line
2. mat foundation (aka raft) similar to boat = weight of the soil removed is equal to the load of the building resulting in no load added to the underlying soil
219
1. **Deep foundations**
2. How are piles supported?
3. What materials are piles made of ?
4. whats the difference between drilled pile and drilled caisson?
1. If upper soils have insufficient bearing capacity to support spread footings, the building loads are often transmitted to deeper fimer soils by piles
2. friction or by end bearing
3. wood, steel, concrete or a composite of 2 materials, concrete are most suitable for all conditions.
4. pile transfers load by skin friction, caisson transfers load by end bearing
220
1. Caissons
2. cofferdam; sheet piling
3. sheeting
4. slurry wall
5. underpinning
6. 2 common methods of underpinning
1. is a watertight retaining structure used, for example, to work on the foundations of a bridge pier, for the construction of a concrete dam,or for the repair of ships. These are constructed such that the water can be pumped out, keeping the working environment dry. When piers are to be built using an open caisson and it is not practical to reach suitable soil, friction pilings may be driven to form a suitable sub-foundation. These piles are connected by a foundation pad upon which the column pier is erected.
2. water tight sheeting piling and water is pumped out so the foundation is construction, examples are bridges and peirs
3. temp wall of wood, steel or concrete
4. soupy mixture of bentonite or clay, narrow trench were the the mixture is pumped out
5. support existing foundations or walls being extended downward to the level of a new deeper foundation
6. involve needlebeams or pipe cylnders with hydraulic jacks
221
1. Asphalt Paving
2. brick paving
3. stone cobbles
4. granite
5. for campus, mall walks uses what for walkways?
1. surface drainage is important, the slighting dip on asphalt will cause unsightly ponding
2. durable for pedestrian traffic
3. aesthic affect
4. expensive paving
5. broom finished concrete, durable
222
\_\_\_ trees are more suitable for the control of winter winds than ___ trees
\_\_\_ capture moisture, reduce fog in crese the amount of sunlight reaching the ground
\_\_\_ trees screen out direct sunlight in the summer while allowing it to pass in the winter
\_\_\_\_ is less costly and has a higher survival rate and less maintenance
Conifers, deciduous
needle-leaf
deciduous
indigenous
223
Select _____ or ____ in preference to incandescent lights for parking lots
* High pressure sodium or metal halide lamps
* lower energy consumption, ease of maintenance, and longer life
224
1. zoning restricts \_\_\_
2. cumulative zoning
3. What building was allowed to build an extra 5 floors if they created a tree filled atrium at the foot of its Madision Ave?
1. setbacks (can be a function of height, parking, FAR, bulk, height
2. multi-use districts, allowed residential in commercail zones and residential and commerical uses in industrial zones
3. IBM
225
contract zoning
* an agreement between a developer and local government to restrict usage or height or to provide additional setbacks or buffers over and above what is required by the ordinance **in return** for _certain benefits_
* example a developer may agree to additional restrictions in return for being granted approval of a conditional use
ARE Site Planning
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