Lab Practical 1 > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four major regions of the appendicular skeleton?

A
  1. Pectoral girdle
  2. Upper limb
  3. Pelvic girdle
  4. Lower limb
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2
Q

How many bones constitute the appendicular skeleton?

A

126 bones

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3
Q

What bones are included in the pectoral girdle?

A
  1. Clavicle
  2. Scapula
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4
Q

What bones are included in the pelvic girdle?

A
  1. Coxal bone
  2. Sacrum
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5
Q

List the bones of the upper limb.

A
  1. Humerus
  2. Radius
  3. Ulna
  4. Carpals
  5. Metacarpals
  6. Phalanges
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6
Q

List the bones of the lower limb.

A
  1. Femur
  2. Patella
  3. Tibia
  4. Fibula
  5. Tarsals
  6. Metatarsals
  7. Phalanges
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7
Q

What is the function of the appendicular skeleton?

A

Provides important surfaces for muscle attachment, enabling complex body movements

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8
Q

What is the sternal end of the clavicle?

A

The blunt, medial extremity that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

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9
Q

What joint is formed by the acromial end of the clavicle?

A

Acromioclavicular joint

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10
Q

What is the conoid tubercle?

A

A somewhat pointed tuberosity on the inferior side of the clavicle

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11
Q

What is the significance of the scapula’s connection to the thorax?

A

It is connected only by muscles, allowing greater movement

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12
Q

What are the three borders of the scapula?

A
  1. Superior border
  2. Medial (vertebral) border
  3. Lateral (axillary) border
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13
Q

What is the glenoid fossa?

A

A socketed depression on the scapula that articulates with the head of the humerus

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14
Q

How can you identify the side of a scapula?

A

Ensure the spine faces posteriorly and the acromion extends superior-laterally

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the humerus?

A

Forms the shoulder joint proximally and the elbow joint distally

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16
Q

What are the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

Greater tubercle: larger, lateral, and slightly more proximal;
Lesser tubercle: smaller, medial, and slightly more distal

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17
Q

What articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

A

Ulna

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18
Q

What is the function of the radial fossa?

A

Accommodates the head of the radius

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19
Q

What is the olecranon fossa?

A

A deep depression on the posterior surface of the distal end of the humerus

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20
Q

What distinguishes the radius from the ulna?

A

Radius is lateral (thumb-side); ulna is medial (pinky-side)

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21
Q

What is the function of the trochlear notch of the ulna?

A

Articulates with the trochlea of the humerus to form the elbow joint

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22
Q

What are the eight carpal bones of the wrist?

A
  1. Scaphoid
  2. Lunate
  3. Triquetrum
  4. Pisiform
  5. Trapezium
  6. Trapezoid
  7. Capitate
  8. Hamate
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23
Q

What is unique about the pisiform bone?

A

It is a sesamoid bone that forms inside the tendon of a forearm muscle, not present at birth

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ is the rounded, proximal end of the humerus.

A

Head

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25
True or False: The medial epicondyle of the humerus is located on the lateral side.
False
26
What is the radial tuberosity?
A roughened projection on the medial side of the radius, which attaches to the tendon of the biceps brachii
27
What is the role of the interosseous membrane?
Holds the radius and ulna together
28
What type of movement do the bones allow for?
Side-to-side movement and anterior-to-posterior movement
29
List the bones of the proximal row of the wrist from the thumb-side.
* Scaphoid * Lunate * Triquetrum * Pisiform
30
List the bones of the distal row of the wrist from the thumb-side.
* Trapezium * Trapezoid * Capitate * Hamate
31
What is unique about the pisiform bone?
It is a sesamoid bone that forms inside the tendon of a forearm muscle and is not present at birth
32
How are the metacarpals numbered?
Metacarpal I is proximal to the thumb, Metacarpal II is proximal to the index finger, etc.
33
How many phalanges do the index, middle, ring, and pinky fingers have?
Three phalanges each
34
How many phalanges does the thumb contain?
Two phalanges - proximal and distal
35
What is the composition of the manus (hand)?
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges
36
What are the components of the pelvic girdle?
Sacrum and two coxal bones
37
What is the function of the pelvic girdle?
Supports the upright weight of the body and provides attachment sites for muscles of the hip and thigh
38
What three bones fuse to form each coxal bone?
* Ilium * Ischium * Pubis
39
What is the acetabulum?
The large socket that receives the head of the femur at the hip joint
40
What is the pubic symphysis?
A joint formed by the articulation of the two coxal bones anteriorly
41
What are the anatomical differences between male and female pelves?
* Male pelvis: thicker, rougher, vertical, heart-shaped pelvic inlet, pubic arch angle ≤ 90° * Female pelvis: larger round pelvic inlet, pubic arch angle > 100°, tilted posteriorly and flared
42
What is the iliac crest?
The superior border of the ilium
43
What is the function of the ischial tuberosity?
Supports a person’s weight when sitting
44
What is the significance of the greater sciatic notch?
A large indentation on the posterior side of the ilium
45
What features are found on the pubis?
* Pubic symphysis * Pectineal line * Pubic crest
46
What is the femur?
The thigh bone, the longest and strongest bone in the body
47
What articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?
The head of the femur
48
What is the patellar surface?
The smooth surface on the anterior side of the distal end of the femur that articulates with the patella
49
What are the key features of the tibia?
* Medial and lateral condyles * Tibial tuberosity * Medial malleolus
50
What is the lateral malleolus?
The bump on the outside of the ankle formed by the distal portion of the fibula
51
What is the function of the fibula?
Stabilizes the ankle but plays no role in bearing weight
52
How can you determine the side of a femur?
Ensure the head is proximal and medial, and the greater trochanter indicates the side
53
Fill in the blank: The _______ is the largest and most superior bone of the coxal bone.
Ilium
54
What is the function of the interosseous membrane?
Joins the tibia and fibula
55
What is the tibia?
The heavier and medial of the two bones of the leg, it bears the body's weight.
56
What are the features of the tibia?
* Medial condyle * Lateral condyle * Tibial tuberosity * Anterior border * Medial malleolus
57
What is the fibula?
The slender, lateral leg bone, important for muscle attachment but plays no role in weight support.
58
What are the features of the fibula?
* Head * Lateral malleolus
59
What are the tarsal bones?
The bones of the ankle arranged in a proximal and distal row.
60
What is the largest tarsal bone?
The calcaneus, or heel bone.
61
What is the function of the talus?
It articulates with the distal surface of the tibia, allowing for movement of the ankle.
62
Name the bones in the proximal row of the tarsal bones.
* Talus * Calcaneus * Navicular
63
Name the bones in the distal row of the tarsal bones from medial to lateral.
* Medial cuneiform * Intermediate cuneiform * Lateral cuneiform * Cuboid
64
How are metatarsal bones numbered?
Metatarsal I is proximal to the hallux and Metatarsal V is proximal to the pinky toe.
65
What is unique about the phalanges of the hallux?
The hallux contains only a proximal and distal phalanx.
66
How many phalanges are in each toe (except the hallux)?
Each toe contains three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal.
67
What are the seven tarsal bones?
* Calcaneus * Talus * Navicular * Medial cuneiform * Intermediate cuneiform * Lateral cuneiform * Cuboid
68
What is the role of foramina, ridges, fossae, and condyles in bones?
They provide specific functions for the skeletal system.
69
True or False: The fibula articulates directly with the femur.
False
70
What are the features of the humerus?
* Head * Greater tubercle * Lesser tubercle * Deltoid tuberosity * Medial epicondyle * Lateral epicondyle * Trochlea * Capitulum * Olecranon fossa
71
What is the acetabulum?
The socket of the hip bone that receives the head of the femur.
72
What joint is formed by the acetabulum and femur?
Coxal joint.
73
Fill in the blank: The _______ forms the lateral bulge of the ankle.
Lateral malleolus
74
What is the role of the calcaneal tendon?
It serves as the insertion site for the calcaneus.
75
List the joints of the upper limb.
* Acromioclavicular * Glenohumeral * Humeroradial * Humeroulnar * Proximal radioulnar * Distal radioulnar * Radiocarpal * Intercarpal * Carpometacarpal * Metacarpophalangeal * Interphalangeal
76
List the joints of the lower limb.
* Sacroiliac * Pubic symphysis * Hip (coxal) * Tibiofemoral * Knee (femoropatellar) * Proximal tibiofibular * Distal tibiofibular * Tibiotalar * Intertarsal * Tarsometatarsal * Intermetatarsal * Metatarsophalangeal * Interphalangeal
77
What bones form the tibiotalar joint?
Tibia and talus.
Lab Practical 1
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