- Looks like a sponge: open spaces - light

Long bone: - def - type of bone - where in body

- longer than wide - compact - limbs

Flat bone: - type of bone - where in body

- compact, spongey, compact - skull, ribs, sternum

Epiphysis: - def - type of bone

- ends; coated with articular cartilage - long bone

Medullary cavity: - def - type of bone

- cavity inside the bone - contains blood vessels and yellow bone marrow

Skeletal System Flashcards by Camdyn Hemmersbach

4 functions of the bones

Support: shape and form
Protection
Movement: Muscles attached to bones by tendons
Storage: Fat and minerals
Blood cell formation

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Muscles attach to bones by _______

Tendons

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What chemical must be in blood for nerve signal transmissions, muscle contraction, and blood clotting?

Ca2+

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ca2+ must be in the blood for _____________, _______________, and _____________.

nerve signal transmission
muscle contraction
blood to clot

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Where does blood cell formation occur?

In the marrow

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Minerals are controlled by ________.

Hormones

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What does yellow bone marrow do?

Store fat

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What do red blood cells do?

Carry oxygen

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What do white blood cells do?

Fight disease and infection

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What do blood platelets do?

Stops bleeding and clots blood

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How many bones does an adult have?

206

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Compact bone (def)

Dense

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Sponge bone (def)

Looks like a sponge: open spaces - light

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Long bone:

def
type of bone
where in body

longer than wide
compact
limbs

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Short bone:

type of bone
where in body

spongey

- wrist and ankle

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Flat bone:

type of bone
where in body

compact, spongey, compact

- skull, ribs, sternum

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Irregular bone:

- where in body

vertebrae, hip, facial bones

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Sesamoid:

embedded with _______
where in body

tendons

- patella

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What type of bone is embedded with tendons?

Sesamoid

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Diaphysis:

def
type of bone

middle

- long bone

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Epiphysis:

def
type of bone

ends; coated with articular cartilage

- long bone

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Medullary cavity:

def
type of bone

cavity inside the bone

- contains blood vessels and yellow bone marrow

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What does red bone marrow do?

Produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and blood platelets

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List the two types of bone marrow

- yellow

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What are the two types of bone markings?

- Processes (projections) | - depressions

Cartilage to bone is the process of _______ and ________

- ossification | - calcification

Many bones form from a ____________ ______.

- cartilage model

What are epiphyseal plates?

- growth plates; a band of cartilage

What is no longer possible after a epiphyseal plate ossifies

Lengthening

What happens if an epiphyseal plate is damaged before if ossifies?

- elongation of the bone may stop prematurely, or growth may be uneven

If the growth of epiphyseal plates is uneven, it can be altered....

- surgically to equalize the growth rate

Bone forming cells is called ___________.

Osteoblasts

Cells that break bones down are called __________.

Osteoclasts

If Ca decreases then...

Parathyroid glands increase PTH, osteoclasts break down bone

What is necessary for proper absorption of Calcium?

- Vitamin D

Vitamin D is necessary for what?

- the proper absorption of calcium

Physical activity puts stress on bones which ....?

- stimulates them to become thicker and stronger

Bone formation and growth is based on what (3)

1. Nutrition 2. Pull of gravity and muscles 3. Hormones

Growth hormones secretes by the pituitary gland stimulate ...?

- the epiphyseal plates

Sex hormones stimulate ...?

- the ossification of epiphyseal plates

Classification of joints (3)

- immovable - slightly movable - freely movable

Immovable joint (ex)

- cranium

In immovable joints what are bones separated by?

- fibrous connective tissue

Slightly movable joints are connected by...

- disks or ligaments

Examples of slightly movable joints are...(4)

1. Vertebral column 2. Symphasis pubis 3. Sacroiliac joint 4. Joint between the distal ends of the fibula and tibia

The end of freely movable joints are covered by _________ _________.

- articular cartilage

What is an example of a freely movable joint?

- Synovial membrane

What are bursae? Examples?

- Closed fluid filled sacs | - knee, elbow, and shoulder

What are the 6 types of joints?

- ball and socket - condyloid - gliding - hinge - pivot - saddle

Ball and socket joints: - def - range of motion - example

- ball of one bone fits into the socket of another - wide range of motion, movement in all planes, rotation - shoulder and hip

Condyloid joints: - def - examples - range of motion

- oval shaped condyle and elliptical cavity - joints between metacarpals and phalanges - variety of planes, no rotation

Gliding joints: - type of bone - range of motion - examples

- flat bones - sliding and twisting - wrist, ankle, sternum/clavicle, clavicle/scapula

Hinge joints: - def - examples - range of motion

- convex of one bone in concave of another - elbow, phalanges, and knee - movement in one plane, flexion, extension

Pivot joint: - definition - range of motion - examples

- cylinder of one bone rotates in a ring of another bone - rotation around one axis - proximal ends of the radius and ulna

Saddle joint: - definition - examples

- both concave and convex surfaces | - carpal and metacarpal of thumb

Flexion

Angle decreases | - bending of leg at knee

Extension

Angle increases | - straightening of leg at knee

Hyperextension

Excessive extension | - head, wrist

Dorsiflexion

Toes up

Plantar flexion

Toes down

Abduction

Away from midline

Adduction

- toward midline

Rotation

Around an axis

Circumduction

- arm circles, leg circles

Pronation

Turn hand palm down, foot lands inside

Supination

- turn hand palm up, foots lands outside

Eversion

Turn sole of foot outward

Inversion

- turn sole of foot inward

Retraction

move it backward | - move chin back

Protraction

Move it forward | - chin forward

Elevation

Raise a part | - shrug shoulders

Depression

Lower a part | - droop shoulders

Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJ)

- malfunction between your articular disk - jaw

Osteoarthritis

Joint cartilage breaks down over time

Rheumatoid arthritis

Inflammation affects lining of joints and rest of body

Cleft palate

- split or opening in the roof of mouth

Shin splints

Pain caused by overuse of shin bone | - partial or complete break in the bone

Torn ligaments (ACL and MCL)

A stretching or tearing of ligaments - ACL = anterior tear - MCL = medial tear

Rotator cuff disorder

Muscles and tissues around shoulder are damaged or irritated from overuse

Dislocated shoulder

- arm bone pops out of shoulder socket

Bone cancer

- malignant tumor that arises from bone cells

Skeletal System Flashcards

(81 cards)