Skeletal System

Question 1

What are the 5 functions of bones

Answer 1

Support
Protection
House blood-producing cells
Store inorganic salts
Provide points of attachment

Question 2

Compact bone

Answer 2

Tightly packed tissue

Question 3

Spongy bone

Answer 3

Cancellous bone with thin layers of numerous branching bony plates

Question 4

Long bone

Answer 4

Longer that the width, shaft with head at both ends contain mostly compact bone ex: femur humerus

Question 5

Short bone

Answer 5

Cube shaped contains mostly spongy bone ex: carpals tarsals

Question 6

Sesamoid bone

Answer 6

Short bone within a joint or tendon

Ex: patella (kneecap) hands and feet

Question 7

Flat bone

Answer 7

Thin flattened and usually curved 2 thin layers of compact bone surrounded lll a layer of spongy bone ex: skull ribs sternum

Question 8

Irregular bone

Answer 8

Irregular shape does not fit in other bone classification ex: vertebrae hip bone

Question 9

Osteocytes

Answer 9

Mature bone cells

Question 10

Canaliculi

Answer 10

Small channels that radiate out out to the lacuna

Question 11

Lacuna

Answer 11

Tiny cavities that house mature cells

Question 12

Central canal

Answer 12

Runs down the middle of the osteon

Question 13

Perforating canal

Answer 13

Connects the central canal

Question 14

Lamella

Answer 14

Concentric circles of the lacunae

Question 15

Osteon

Answer 15

Complex of the central canal and matrix rings

Question 16

What are the 2 main types of bone marrow

Answer 16

• Red marrow: RBC and WBC, platelets forming mostly in infants
• Yellow marrow: stores fat not active in blood cell formation found in adults

Question 17

What is the difference between the epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line

Answer 17

• Epiphyseal plate: growth plate, plate of the hyaline cartilage, found in young growing bones
• Epiphyseal line: remnant of the epiphyseal plate found in adult bones

Question 18

What are 2 types of bone formation

Answer 18

• Intramembranous: develop from layers of connective tissue, that lie outside the developing bone giving rise to the periosteum
• Endochondral: first develops as hyaline cartilage then replaced by bone the periosteum develops outside

Question 19

What are the functions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Answer 19

• Osteoblasts: build bony matrix around themselves forming spongy bone in all directions within layers of connective tissue (rebuild bone)
• Osteoclasts: breakdown the calcified extracellular matrix (breakdown bone)

Question 20

What is the function of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

Answer 20

• Parathyroid hormone: increases calcium

- Calcitonin: reduces calcium

Question 21

What are the types of fractures

Answer 21

• Greenstick-incomplete break on convex surface of the bend in bone
• Compression- incomplete longitudinal break
• Spiral-excessive twisting of bone
• Comminuted-complete and fragmented
• Transverse-complete and break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
• Oblique- at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
• Compound-open fracture, penetrating through the skin
• Simple- closed fracture, does not penetrate skin

Question 22

What are the 4 stages of healing

Answer 22

Hematoma
Fibrocartilage callus
Bony callus
Regeneration

Question 23

What are the 6 different joints

Answer 23

• Synarthrotic: immovable
• Amphiarthrotic: slightly movable
• Diarthrotic: freely movable
• Fibrous joint: generally immovable
• Cartilageous joint: immovable or slightly movable
• Synoval joint: freely movable

Question 24

What the the four features of all synovial joints

Answer 24

• Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the end of the bones
• A fibrous articular capsule enclosed joint surfaces
• A joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid
• Ligaments reinforces the joint

Question 25

Structures found in synovial joints

Answer 25

- Bursae:flattened fibrous sacs - Tendon Sheath:elongated bursae that wraps around the tendon - Meniscus: pads of fibro cartilage acts as shock absorber

Question 26

What are the 6 classifications of Synovial joints

Answer 26

``` Ball and Socket Condylar Gliding/ plane Pivot Hinge Saddle ```

Question 27

What are the 2 types of Arthritis

Answer 27

* Osteo Arthritis- normal age process | * Rheumatoid Arthritis- Auto inmune decease attacks the joints often leads to deformities

Question 28

Flexión

Answer 28

Decrease the angle of the joint brings 2 bones closer together typical of a hinge joint

Question 29

Extensión

Answer 29

Increase angle between 2-3 bones

Question 30

Rotation

Answer 30

Movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis common in ball and socket

Question 31

Abduction

Answer 31

Movement of limb away from midline

Question 32

Adduction

Answer 32

Movement of limb towards midline

Question 33

Circumduction

Answer 33

Combination of flexión extension abduction and adduction common in ball and socket joint

Question 34

Dorsiflex

Answer 34

Lifting the foot so that the superior surface approaches the shin

Question 35

Plantar Flexión

Answer 35

Depressing the foot (pointing toes)

Question 36

Inversión

Answer 36

Turn the sole of foot medially

Question 37

Eversión

Answer 37

Turn the sole of foot laterally

Question 38

Supination

Answer 38

Forearm rotates medially so Palm faces posteriorly

Question 39

Opposition

Answer 39

Move thumb to touch tips of other fingers on some hand