Skill Acquisition

Question 1

what is the sequence of Bloom’s Taxonomy from bottom to top

Answer 1

• remember
• understand
• apply
• analyze
• evaluate
• create

Question 2

what is skill acquisition

Answer 2

ability to learn a motor skill to improve performance

Question 3

what must skill acquisition be

Answer 3

goal and task driven

Question 4

what is attention associated with

Answer 4

perception, cognition, and motor activities

Question 5

what are the two types of attentional forces

Answer 5

internal and external

Question 6

what is internal attentional force

Answer 6

focusing on your movement/self

Question 7

what is external attentional force

Answer 7

focusing on the environment

Question 8

which (internal or external) focus will disrupt motor performance of a highly skilled person vs a low skilled person

Answer 8

• high skilled: internal (“choking”)
• low skilled: external focus

Question 9

tasks are performed in serial order making it difficult to perform multiple tasks at the same time

Answer 9

filter theory

Question 10

what does filter theory lead to and what does it mean

Answer 10

bottleneck - only so much info can be processed at one time, leading to delay in processing tasks (funnel)

Question 11

attention comes from central reserve with activities competing for space

Answer 11

central resource capacity model (parallel processing)

Question 12

ability to carry out tasks; a function of ability to process from reserve

Answer 12

kahneman’s attention theory

Question 13

what does kahneman’s attention theory depend on

Answer 13

arousal of the subject and other tasks siphoning off reserve

Question 14

what 3 rules direct attention

Answer 14

• involuntarily allocated attention to distractions (visual, auditory, environmental)
• meaningfulness of task/event
• intentions at the time (focus on a specific portion of the task)

Question 15

what are the 3 attention theories

Answer 15

• filter theory
• central resource capacity model
• kahneman’s attention theory

Question 16

what are some examples of conditions that can alter arousal

Answer 16

TBI, ASD, stroke, down syndrome, ADHD

Question 17

what are the two concepts that effect arousal level on movement

Answer 17

• perceptual narrowing
• inverted U principle

Question 18

increased arousal leads to narrowing attentional focus

Answer 18

perceptual narrowing

Question 19

what arousal level is motor performance best at and what principle is this

Answer 19

• moderate level
• inverted U principle

Question 20

degree of desire someone has to perform a task

Answer 20

motivation

Question 21

a person’s desire to compete/social compromise

Answer 21

achievement motivation

Question 22

what is achievement motivation based on

Answer 22

personality

Question 23

what are the two types of achievement motivation

Answer 23

• motivated to achieve success (MAS)
• motivated to avoid failure (MAF)

Question 24

define motivated to achieve success (MAS)

Answer 24

do well in new, challenging situations, like pressure, get psyched, check out of non-challenging activities

Question 25

define motivated to avoid failure (MAF)

Answer 25

do well in less stressful situations or extremely difficult situations (pressure to perform is ablated), desire to preserve their ego, if challenge is too hard they will stop trying and avoid the situation

Question 26

____ feedback improves overall motivational levels and provides positive reinforcement for performing a task

Answer 26

augmented (external)

Question 27

what are the two types of augmented feedback

Answer 27

- knowledge of results (KR) - knowledge of performance (KP)

Question 28

using various tests/times/measures to provide feedback of performance and provide an example

Answer 28

knowledge of results - your gait speed is 1.2 m/s now, it used to be .9 m/s

Question 29

feedback of performing the actual task and provide an example

Answer 29

knowledge of performance (KP) - using camera, hands on feedback of gait with patient

Question 30

internal condition that incites and directs actions or behavior; influences learners being receptive towards learning; primary determinant for engaging practice

Answer 30

motivation to move

Question 31

what are ways to increase motivation

Answer 31

- give learners choices - provide opportunities for learners to initiate activities and be self-directed - allow freedom of expression and flexibility in criteria for success - establish clear expectations and consequences (positive and negative) - give positive feedback for good performance and corrective feedback for less successful performance - offer opportunities to demonstrate competence as well as to become successful - use cooperative activities and stress cooperation

Question 32

describe Fitts' law

Answer 32

UE movement accuracy is a function of speed of movement and distance; the slower the movement, the more accurate you will be

Question 33

what is another name for fitts' law

Answer 33

speed-accuracy tradeoff

Question 34

examples of Fitts' law

Answer 34

- push the elevator button fast and slow - flick the lights on/off to the room - take a drink of water from a full glass - threading a needle

Question 35

what is one of the most important law governing human movement

Answer 35

fitts' law

Question 36

applying fitts' law, if the target gets smaller or the distance becomes greater, movement time will ______

Answer 36

increase

Question 37

the results of fitts' law state that the higher the index of difficulty, the _____ the difficulty

Answer 37

higher

Question 38

examples of speed-accuracy tradeoff in the clinic

Answer 38

- RTC repair pt moving slowly with IR/ER to ensure proper movement - an elderly pt w/ dementia tapping a balloon - baseball player learning a new swing - new lacrosse player learning to cradle - pt with PD w/ festinating gait - a pt after stroke placing a peg in a board with their hemiparetic UE

Question 39

what plays a large role in the speed-accuracy trade-off because it determines many parameters of movement (anticipated weight of object, distance to travel, shape of object and optimum grasp technique, direction of travel)

Answer 39

vision

Question 40

after vision is stimulated during speed accuracy trade off, where does the information get sent to determine motor plan/proper characteristics

Answer 40

CNS

Question 41

____ and ____ help with feedforward to alter motor plan for greater success

Answer 41

vision and anticipated success rate

Question 42

what happens to the speed-accuracy trade off in pts with altered sensory awareness (diploplia, cataracts, MD, reduced sensation)

Answer 42

would see speed accuracy diminish

Question 43

the ability to organize an efficient movement pattern to achieve a specific goal

Answer 43

coordination

Question 44

ability to control all muscles, bones, nerves, joint into purposeful action

Answer 44

degrees of freedom (problem with AI robotics)

Question 45

limbs performing a same task and examples

Answer 45

symmetrical bimanual coordination - rowing a boat, setting a volleyball, propelling a WC

Question 46

limbs performing different tasks

Answer 46

asymmetrical bimanual coordination - archery, playing guitar, playing piano, tennis service

Question 47

what type of bimanual coordination does the brain prefer

Answer 47

symmetrical