Skill Acquisition: Memory Models

Question 1

What does the short-term sensory store (STSS) do?

Answer 1

Receives stimuli from the environment and filters it using selective attention.

Question 2

How can selective attention be improved?

Answer 2

By making stimuli more intense or meaningful, using focus drills and practice.

Question 3

What is the role of short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 3

Receives relevant information and initiates motor programmes for decision making.

Question 4

How does long-term memory (LTM) function in sports?

Answer 4

Stores motor programmes and past experiences for comparison during decision making.

Question 5

What is the function of the central executive in the working memory model?

Answer 5

Directs attention and allocates tasks to slave systems.

Question 6

What does the phonological loop process?

Answer 6

Spoken information and instructions.

Question 7

What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?

Answer 7

Creates visual images and interprets surroundings.

Question 8

What does the episodic buffer do?

Answer 8

Links information from the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad.

Question 9

In Whiting’s model, what are receptor systems?

Answer 9

Receive environmental stimuli via sight, sound, touch, and proprioception.

Question 10

What happens in the perceptual mechanism in Whiting’s model?

Answer 10

Performer uses selective attention and sends relevant info to the translatory mechanism.

Question 11

What does the translatory mechanism do?

Answer 11

Chooses relevant motor programme and sends it to the effector mechanism.

Question 12

What is the function of the effector mechanism?

Answer 12

Initiates movement by sending nerve impulses to muscles.

Question 13

What role does feedback play in Whiting’s model?

Answer 13

Feedback is stored in LTM and used to improve future performance.

Question 14

What is recall schema in Schmidt’s schema theory?

Answer 14

Uses initial conditions and response specification before a movement.

Question 15

What is recognition schema?

Answer 15

Uses sensory consequences and response outcome for feedback.

Question 16

Give an example of initial conditions in schema theory.

Answer 16

Recognising opponent’s position on a court before deciding a shot.

Question 17

What is the response specification?

Answer 17

Choosing the motor programme based on initial conditions.

Question 18

What are sensory consequences?

Answer 18

Feedback from how the movement felt, based on kinaesthetic awareness.

Question 19

What is response outcome?

Answer 19

Feedback about whether the movement achieved its goal.

Question 20

What is response time?

Answer 20

The time between the onset of a stimulus and the completion of a response.

Question 21

What does Hick’s Law state?

Answer 21

Response time increases with the number of possible responses.

Question 22

What is the single channel hypothesis?

Answer 22

Only one piece of information can be processed at a time.

Question 23

What is the psychological refractory period?

Answer 23

A delay in responding to a second stimulus because the first is still being processed.

Question 24

What is anticipation in response time?

Answer 24

Processing information before it happens to improve reaction time.

Question 25

How can response time be improved?

Answer 25

Mental practice, frequent practice, improved concentration, and fitness.

Question 26

What factors affect response time>

Answer 26

Hicks Law Single channel hypothesis Anticipation

Question 27

How can you improve the retention of newly learnt skills (LTM)

Answer 27

make the info meaningful chunk and chain frequent practice positive reinforcement

Question 28

Answer 28

A

Question 29

Answer 29

B

Question 30

Answer 30

B

Question 31

Answer 31

D

Question 32

Answer 32

D

Question 33

Answer 33

B

Question 34

Answer 34

B

Question 35

Answer 35

A

Question 36

Answer 36

C

Question 37

Answer 37

A