Skin Changes

Question 1

Hormonal factors

Answer 1

• decline in both estrogen and progesterone
• a drop in pituitary growth hormone
• production of insulin like growth factor 1

Question 2

Environmental

Answer 2

pollution

Question 3

Lifestyle

Answer 3

• UV exposure; smoking; poor diet; sleep deprivation and anything else that increase free-radial production

Question 3

Estrogen

Answer 3

• drop in estrogen leads to decreased collagen production and increase collagen degradation. Dermal thinning leads to decreased elasticity and moisture of the skin. Decreased sebum production leads to dry skin. Estrogen leads to less blood flow (oxygen) to the skin and decreased angiogenesis. Decreased cellular grwoth leads to skin becomes thinning, skin brusies easier, impaired wound healing. Disruption of melanocyte production leads to , discoloration.

Question 3

Fat and bone

Answer 3

Facial fat loss occurs and skin appears to sag. Bone resorption leads to biometric volume loss

Question 3

Proper UV light protection or avoidance

Answer 3

• sunburn leads to oxidative stress; use of sunscreen is effective at blockin UVB not UVA. Once SPF 30 is attained 95% of UVB is blocked. Zinc or titanium oxide aret he most effective . Reapplying every 2-3 hours is essentiaon. Avoid peal sun ahpurs beteronn 11-3pm. UV protective clothing

Question 3

Diet and smoking

Answer 3

Smoking is a vasoconstrictor so less circulation to the skin

Question 4

Emollients and other topical agents

Answer 4

Any moisturizer that minimizes transepidermal water loss appears to make the skin appear more hydrated. Most cream based moisturizers contain ingredients that mimic the youthful epidermis. Adding a humectant molecule to the topical agent (ie hyaluronic acid) will attract water and make the skin more hydrated. Other topical agensts include topical retinoids and alpha-beta hydroxy topical acid preparations