Sleep cycles - A young adult first enters ____ sleep→stages 1,2,3 and 4(__-___min) →REM(sleep lighten). - NREM:REM=___ - NREM[(light or Deep sleep?],slow wave occupies __% -lasts ___min/cycle - REM[Light or deep sleep],_____ ;___% of total sleep; lasts ____min/cycle - Bouts of REM sleep usually appear on average every___ minutes

NREM; 70-100 1:4 Deep; 20; 15 Light ; Paradoxical; 80 60 90

Sleep Flashcards by Iseoluwa Ojo

Sleep
-a state of unconsciousness or partial consciousness from which a person can’t be roused by stimulation
T/F

When it’s not coma na

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Sleep is strongly influenced by circadian rhythms

T/F

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About 2/3rd of our live is spent sleeping

T/F

Just 1/3🌚

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Sleep is Essential for life

T/F

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On average people are to sleep ___hrs a day

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Functional significance of sleep
-The whole brain is still active
T/F

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Functional significance of sleep

Redistribution or some re- organization in neuronal activity.

The areas that become less active probably take some rest during which they can _____ necessary for generation of Action Potential
Allow for both short term recovery and long term biochemical and structural changes necessary for memory and learning

replenish substances

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sleep enhances immunity

T/F

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Memory consolidation can occur during sleep

T/F

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Brain maturation during infancy occurs during sleep

T/F

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Sleep has Restorative function

T/F

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FOUR STAGES OF SLEEP

-list them

falling asleep

light non-REM sleep
deep non-REM sleep
REM sleep

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FOUR STAGES OF SLEEP

falling asleep :____sleep;____ begins
light non-REM sleep:___sleep;___ block in senses making it difficult to be woken
deep non-REM sleep:___ sleep;____ hormone is released
REM sleep:_____ memory; ___occur

Light transitional; drowsiness

more stable ; chemical

deep; growth

revitalizer; intense dreams

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Sleep cycles

A young adult first enters ____ sleep→stages 1,2,3 and 4(__-___min) →REM(sleep lighten).
NREM:REM=___
NREM[(light or Deep sleep?],slow wave occupies __% -lasts ___min/cycle
REM[Light or deep sleep],_____ ;___% of total sleep; lasts ____min/cycle
Bouts of REM sleep usually appear on average every___ minutes

NREM; 70-100

1:4

Deep; 20; 15

Light ; Paradoxical; 80

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Time spent in deep sleep decreases toward the end of undisturbed sleep
T/F

It increases

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STAGE 1: of sleep

____sleep
muscle ,brain and eyes activity ___ases

STAGE 2:

eye movement and muscle activity ____
brainwaves_____

light; decre

stops

slow down

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STAGE 3 of sleep

the brain produces very___ but _____waves indicating_____
waves are ___ voltage potentials
postural muscles tone is considerable/significant
____ease of peripheral vascular tone & other vegetative functions of the body, such as: a 10 to 30 % ___ease in BP, in respiratory rate & in basal metabolic rate
sleeper is ____ to awake and may be____ if awakened
Occurs during the ____ hour after going to sleep & it’s exceedingly ____
The difference between this and REM sleep is that they’re associated with (more or less?)bodily muscle activity

slow ;strong delta ; synchronization

low

decr; decr

easy;disoriented; first;restful

Less

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Possible to dream in NREM 4/3?

Yes but rare

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that during the NREM last phase , consolidation of dreams in memory occur.
T/F

Doesn’t occur

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REM:

heart, breathing, and blood pressure ____eases
body is ——, eye movement is ___ and dreams___
____ restful, ___chronised
brain waves similar to that seen in the_____ state
(slow or rapid?), (low or high?) voltage EEG activity
Sudden ____ of pupils may occur
Characterized with ___ movement of the eyes behind the closed lids
Twitching of facial muscles and limbs
Abrupt and complete (inhibition or excitation?) of tone in postural muscle /(increase or reduction?) in skeletal muscle tone
(regular or Irregular?) RR and HR, BP

Incre

paralyzed; quick;begin

Less; desyn

alert and awake
Rapid;low; dilatation

Rapid; inhibition; reduction
Irregular

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Secretion of ____, And increased____

Dream reported_____% of time
threshold for arousal by sensory stimuli is (low or high?)
Occurrence of large phasic potentials , in groups of (____)
The phasic potential originates from the____ →____ geniculate body →____ cortex →____ ( PGO)spikes
PGO spikes activate_____ area that ___eases stretch and polysynaptic reflexes→hypotonia (preand postsynaptic inhibition)

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corticosteroids; testosterone

80-90
High

3-5

pons; lateral; occipital; pontogeniculoccipital

RAS inhibition; decr

Cycles of penile erection occurs in which stage of sleep

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REM

Four types
Stage 1:
-(high or Low) amplitude___ waves

Stage 2:
Bursts of___ spindles (alphalike);aka____ spindle ; ____microV

Stage 3 :
(high or Low) amplitude____ waves with (high or Low) frequency ;Presence of burst of rapid waves-__ complexes

Stage 4 :
-Maximum slowing with Large___ waves

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Low, theta

fast; Sleep; 50

High; delta;low;K

delta

Distribution of sleep stages

4 to 6 REM/night
REM sleep is___% of total sleep time in premature infant and ____% in full term baby
Children sleep more than adult; more stage__(___sleep)

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80; 50

4;deep

There is more stage 3 and 4 sleep and more REM towards morning T/F

F Less

THEORIES OF SLEEP Passive: -(old or new?) theory of sleep -the ARAS becomes inactive due to____ Active: - (old or new?) theory of sleep - proposes that_____

Old being fatigued from its neurons firing for hours of wakefulness New there are centers in the brain that cause sleep by inhibiting other areas

serotonin secreting raphe fibers (inhibit or excite?) the RAS

Inhibit

melatonin secreted by pineal gland during darkness (inhibit or excite?) RAS

Inhibits

NEURAL MECHANISM OF SLEEP | first major theory of sleep physiology is the ____ theory

Bremer’s theory

NEURAL MECHANISM OF SLEEP (1) Bremer’s theory - proposed a____ theory of sleep - that sleep occurs because of a______ this theory was replaced by the ___ theory of sleep

reduction of sensory input to the forebrain RAS

cut the brainstem between the superior and inferior colliculus and this produced a state of_____

almost continuous slow wave sleep

ONTOGENIC HYPOTHESIS OF REM SLEEP -says that the activity occurring during neonatal REM sleep (or active sleep) seems to be important for the developing organism. T/F

Deprivation of active sleep early in life was shown to result in behavioral problems ,permanent sleep disruption and increased brain mass. T/F

F Decreased brain mass

NEURAL MECHANISM OF SLEEP - basal _____ - reticular formation - raphe mucleus in___ - locus coreolus in___ - ____hypothalamus - _____area of Hypothalamus

forebrain midbrain pons lateral preoptic

Mechanism of sleep - Awake state/arousal = ___eased RAS activity - Sleep= (presence or absence?) of arousing stimuli to RAS→Thallamus and cortex - Stimulation of ___ area of hypothalamus and basal forebrain(___ergic neurons) =Sleep

incr Absence preoptic; cholin

Removal of all sensory stimuli to brain= sleep | T/F

F hallucination not sleep

Lesion in preoptic region and forebrain =>(temporary or permanent ?) sleeplessness. Preoptic region Contain neurons, which discharge ___ in both slow wave and REM sleep. -Preoptic region have abundant inhibitory efferents projection to RAS=>Inhibition of RAS=>Sleep

Permanent maximally

Brainstem two clusters of nerves 1. ____ 2.____ Both clusters are parts of reticular formation T/F

Central core of brain stem Pons T

Both clusters are parts of reticular formation and they control sleep by: - opposing the ____ activity of RAS - Both are involved in the mechanism of arousal, light and deep sleep - Central core neurons tonically release____ that inhibits RAS leading to loss of wakefulness → slowwave sleep - Central core neurons: also facilitate the sleep center of the pons→____ sleep

tonic serotonin paradoxical

Genesis of slow wave sleep/NREM By Stimulation of three subcortical regions (1) ______ sleep zone (2) _____ synchronizing zone of RAS (3) ____ sleep zone

diecephalic medullary basal forebrain

Genesis of slow wave sleep/NREM By Stimulation of three subcortical regions (1) diecephalic sleep zone - post hypothalamus ,intralaminar nuclei and anterior thalamic nuclei - Stimulus frequency must be about _/s - Faster stimuli produces ____ (2) medullary synchronizing zone of RAS - close to ______nucleus - Stimulation Produces synchrony and sleep at ___ frequency ,and arousal at____ frequency (3) basal forebrain sleep zone - ____area +___area - stimulation → produces synchrony and sleep which is_______ of the frequency

8; arousal tractus solitarius; low; higher preoptic; diagonal band of Broca independent of the level

increase in age=_____ in sleep time

decrease

SLEEP - WAKE DISORDERS Narcolepsy:_____ (2) Insomnia disorder:______ (3) hypersomnolence disorder:_____ (4) substance/medication induced sleep disorder : sleep disorder caused by ____

excessive uncontrollable daytime sleepiness Persistent problems falling and staying asleep. Excessive sleepiness or drowsiness. Drugs

Breathing related sleep disorders :_____ is the most common sleep-related breathing disorder. It causes you to ______while you sleep.

Obstructive sleep apnea; repeatedly stop and start breathing

circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders: involve either difficulty falling asleep, waking up during the sleep cycle or waking up too early and being unable to fall back to sleep T/F

NREM sleep arousal disorders: refer to the repeated episodes of_____

incomplete awakening from sleep that include behaviors such as sleepwalking and sleep terrors

Nightmare disorder: also known as____ disorder, is a sleep disorder characterized by_____. The nightmares, which often portray the individual in a situation that jeopardizes their life or personal safety, usually occur during the____ stages of sleep

dream anxiety frequent nightmares; REM

REM sleep behavior disorder: is a sleep disorder in which you_____ movements during____ sleep — sometimes called_____ behavior.

physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams with vocal sounds and sudden, often violent arm and leg REM dream-enacting

Restless leg syndrome: A condition characterised by a______, typically in the (morning or evenings?) Restless legs syndrome typically occurs while sitting or lying down. It generally worsens with age and can disrupt sleep.

nearly irresistible urge to move the legs Evenings

Snoring is a sleep-related disorder | T/F

T Depending on the frequency and type

sleep hypo ventilation : describes breathing that is____ or ____ during sleep

too slow or shallow

Bruxism: is considered a sleep-related movement disorder. People who_____ (brux) during sleep are more likely to have other sleep disorders, such as snoring and pauses in breathing (sleep apnea)

clench or grind their teeth

Sleep Flashcards

(52 cards)