sleep

Question 1

What cycle does sleep follow?

Answer 1

• 90 min cycle that alternates from REM and NREM

Question 2

What decreases during the course of sleep?

Answer 2

SWS

Question 3

What increases during the course of sleep?

Answer 3

REM

Question 4

What are 3 things that occur during sleep?

Answer 4

• memories are strengthened and consolidated
• memories are assimilated/ integrated into memory networks
• different memory systems are affected during different sleep stages

Question 5

What are place cells?

Answer 5

a type of neuron in the hippocampus that fires specifically when an animal is in a particular location within its environment

Question 6

What are place fields?

Answer 6

the specific area within that environment where a given place cell fires most actively

Question 7

T o F: Cross-correlation between hippocampal cells is very weak while the animal is running on track

Answer 7

False: it is very strong when it is running

Question 8

What is true about rats learning the spatial layout of an environment?

Answer 8

• they learn over trials where “home” is in the environment and how to get there

Question 9

What is the term for when there is neuronal firing patterns at sleep that mirror neural firing patterns during a task?

Answer 9

REPLAY

Question 10

What is the term for when firing pattern just before rate movies and it plays in order in which rate will subsequently run?

Answer 10

PREPLAy

Question 11

What happens to the hippocampus disconnection during transitive inference?

Answer 11

it decreases and there is a bigger difference between the control and it

Question 12

T or F: the hippocampus is active when correctly inferring the relationship between B-D

Answer 12

true

Question 13

What was found about transitive inference aided by sleep study?

Answer 13

• there was no evidence for the development of transitive inference after a short 20 min delay
• there was a strong transitive inference performance after delays of 12 or 24 hours when sleep occurred

Question 14

When did the longer-range transitive inference seen?

Answer 14

after sleep

Question 15

What is the 1st stage after encoding a declarative memory?

Answer 15

• consolidation

Question 16

When does consolidation occur?

Answer 16

during SWS

Question 17

What is the 2nd stage after encoding a declarative memory?

Answer 17

integration

Question 18

When does integration occur?

Answer 18

during REM sleep

Question 19

What brain region permits the binding of arbitrary information to happen quickly, independently of existing knowledge in the cortex?

Answer 19

hippocampus

Question 20

What brain region is used during consolidation in which it replays the new information offline teaching the cortex about it?

Answer 20

hippocampus

Question 21

What brain region is used during integration that allows the overlapping representations to occur resulting in the construction and updating of relational networks?

Answer 21

neocortex

Question 22

When was there better performance in the motor skill study about keys?

Answer 22

• after sleep interval between training and test

Question 23

What did they find out about learning and the NREM?

Answer 23

that learning is correlated with NREM during the 2th quarter of sleep

Question 24

T or F: you keep the opportunity to consolidate if you don’t sleep after 24 hours

Answer 24

false, you need sleep to be able to consolidate memories

Question 25

What were the results of the study done between sleep and odor?

Answer 25

- there was enhanced learning with odor during the SWS cycle because it was able to reactivate recent memories to boost consolidation - only when memory was at learning and during SWS was declarative memory enhanced

Question 26

What was the conclusion fo the specificity enhanced effect?

Answer 26

sound cues presented during sleep prompted preferential processing of corresponding object-location associations and improved memory - When certain sounds were played while a person was sleeping, it helped their brain focus more on the connection between objects and where they were located, which in turn improved their memory of these associations. Essentially, sleep and sound cues seem to enhance memory retention and processing.

Question 27

What was found through neocortical stimulation?

Answer 27

they found that the stimulation enhances recognition memory performance -The study suggests that if the neocortex is stimulated in a way that matches the brain's natural sleep activity in the medial temporal lobe, it can help improve memory performance, specifically the ability to recognize things you’ve encountered before. This implies that enhancing certain brain activities during sleep can boost memory consolidation and recall.

Question 28

What brain region does the transitive inference require?

Answer 28

the hippocampus

Question 29

What is transitive inference?

Answer 29

- refers to the ability to make logical conclusions about relationships between items, even when those relationships have not been explicitly stated. It's a cognitive process that involves deducing new information based on previously learned associations.

Question 30

What is an example of transitive inference?

Answer 30

f you know certain relationships between pairs of items, you can infer relationships between other items in a sequence or set, even if you haven't been directly given that information. - Imagine you learn the following associations: A > B (A is greater than B) B > C (B is greater than C) Based on these two facts, you can make the inference: A > C (A is greater than C)

Question 31

When is transitive inference enhanced?

Answer 31

After sleep

Question 32

t or f: memory cannot be cued during sleep

Answer 32

false

Question 33

What is memory-enhancement?

Answer 33

When memory is replayed during sleep

Question 34

How can memory be enhanced?

Answer 34

by eliciting synchrony of prefrontal-hippocampal activity

Question 35

What was wrong/ concluded about FL?

Answer 35

that she has an unusual functional amnesia whose form is shaped by how she imagines memory to work - now she sleeps less to not lose her memory

Question 36

What was the name of the hollywood character who was similar to FL?

Answer 36

lucy