Cogs 107A > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

(53 cards)

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0
Q

Bigger amplitude = ____________ synchrony

A

More

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1
Q

Pyramidal cells generate a bigger signal than most other cortical cells because…

A

They are bigger and longer than most cortical cells, have a longer axon, so they produce a bigger signal

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2
Q

Magnetic fields (MEG) is better at spatial I for because….

A

The current goes into and out of the brain in a loop, giving ,ore feedback

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3
Q

MEG and EEGs are ___________ measure of neuronal activity. This means they look at….?

A

Direct

Look at the actual firing of action potentials

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4
Q

8-13 Hz: ____________ waves. What kind of state is this?

A

Alpha

Quiet but wakeful state

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5
Q

In sleep, the slow rhythms are self-generated by the…?

A

Thalamus

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6
Q

30-80 Hz=____________ rhythms, which is defined as…?

A

gamma

Defined as a burst of activity

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7
Q

Alpha rhythms are seen in which stage of sleep?

A

Stage 1: non-REM

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8
Q

Beta rhythms are in which stages of sleep?

A

NonREM stages 1 and 2

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9
Q

How long do REM cycles last?

A

30 min. Longer ones 30-50 min.

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10
Q

New article: about cleaning up bi-products in the brain

A

Housekeeping!

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11
Q

When you have nights of sleep without REM, there is a _____________ effect, explain.

A

Rebound. You enter ReM much more quickly.

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12
Q

What are the side-effects of not having any REM sleep?

A

None! No psychological side effects. Why? We don’t know.

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13
Q

What is one thing REM might contribute to?

A

Consolidation of memories. Deprivation of REM can impair learning new tasks.

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14
Q

What initiate non-REM?

A

General decrease in firing rates of modulatory brain stem neurons

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15
Q

What is the “brain clock”?

A

The superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of rhythms?

A

Ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual.

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17
Q

The ultradian cycle is also referred to as…?

A

Basic rest-activity cycle

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18
Q

The Circadian rhythm is also referred to as…?

A

The sleep-wake cycle

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19
Q

The infradian rhythm is also referred to as…?

A

The menstrual cycle

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20
Q

The circannual rhythm is also referred to as…?

A

Annual breeding cycles

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21
Q

What is unihemispheric slow-wave sleep? Which species of animals do this?

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A

When either the right side or left side is asleep (never both). Dolphins do this.

22
Q

All sensory input goes through…

23
Q

What is the one sensation that does NOT travel through the thalamus?

24
Cortical-cortical signals have ______________ circuits.
Triangular
25
What does the thalamus do for the cortex?
Serves as a gateway filter. It filters what you will pay attention to.
26
What makes the thalamus sensitive to behavioral states (sleepiness, emotional, etc)
Bio genie amines
27
Info flow in the thalamus is controlled by... 1. 2.
1. Behavioral state | 2. Cortex
28
How does the cortex control the thalamus?
By sending a larger number of feedback signals to the thalamus than forward signals from the thalamus
29
Cortex feedback is how many times greater than thalamus feed forward?
10 X
30
The thalamus is subdivided for sensory inputs. How are these subdivisions organized? And where does integration of these inputs happen?
Parallel. And integration happens in the cortex.
31
How/why does the thalamus have a lateral inhibitory network?
When you are processing vision, the other senses are inhibited. This explains how the gateway filter works.
32
The thalamus sends output to which layer in the cortex?
IV
33
From which layer in the cortex does the thalamus receive feedback?
VI
34
All sensory input is relayed to the cortex with what protein? Is it excitatory or inhibitory?
Glutamate (and some GABA). All excitatory.
35
Feedback to the thalamus uses what protein? Excitatory or inhibitory?
GABA, inhibitory.
37
What is happening in regards to the thalamus in psychotic states?
The filter is either deficient or absent entirely, which floods the cortex with information. The cortex gets overwhelmed.
38
What are the 4 proteins involved in the fruit fly clock?
CLOCK, CYCLE, TIM, and PER
39
2 proteins _____ and ______ bind and increase production of _____ and ______ -- which accumulate over several hours
2 proteins CLOCK and CYCLE bind and increase production of PER and TIM -- which accumulate over several hours
40
When enough PER and TIM are made, they inactivate which complex?
Clock-Cycle
41
What at night advances the clock-cycle rhythm in the fruit fly clock?
bright light
42
What are some qualities of REM sleep?
- EEG similar to wake - no movement - dreaming - hard to easily arouse - 20% of sleep time
43
What are some qualities of Non-REM sleep?
- slow EEG - muscular activity - dreams rare - easily awakened - 80% of sleep time
44
Stage 4 only occurs within...
first 2 hours
45
If you get woke up before stage 4 you don't get...
deep sleep
46
What is the relationship between stage 4 and REM sleep?
Inverse
47
amount of time in slow wave and REM sleep ____ with age
decreases
48
thalamic subnuclei ___ information flow
segregates
49
feedback from cortex arises in
layer V
50
_____ efferents (From cortex to spinal cord) bypass thalamus
motor
51
What are the two ways thalamic relay neurons fire?
Tonic (Single spike/relay mode) & Phasic/Burst (Multiple spike mode)
52
Lack of orexin in the brain results in what kind of sleep disorder?
narcolepsy
53
REM is regulated by ______ and ______
5-HT and ACh
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