sleep

Question 1

Alpha wave type

Answer 1

• Speed = 8-13Hz
• assocaited with a state of relaxed wakefulness
• Blocked if pt opens eye or hears novel sound

Question 2

Beta wave type

Answer 2

• Speed = 14-30 Hz
• Assocaited with an alert state
• want to be in these waves during lecture

Question 3

Theta Wave type

Answer 3

• Speed = 4-7Hz
• associated with sleep stages of healthy adult

Question 4

Delta wave type

Answer 4

• Speed = .5-3.4 Hz
• assocaited with sleep stages of healthy adult

Question 5

What stage of sleep has the highest percent of time spend in delta waves

Answer 5

Deep sleep (stage IV)

Question 6

during which stage of sleep is there intense descending inhibition of spinal motoneurons

Answer 6

REM sleep

Question 7

Which stage of sleep is least likely during the first 60 minutes of normal adult sleep

Answer 7

REM sleep

Question 8

What sleep stage is assocaited with penile erection

Answer 8

REM sleep

Question 9

describe the characteristics of Sleep stages

Answer 9

• non-REM = HR an Respiration Decreases
• REM sleep = HR and Respiration INCREASES

Question 10

describe the stages of tonic-clonic seizures

Answer 10

• Patient loses consciousness and falls to ground
• TONIC PHASE:

–> 10-20 secondays

–> general contraction ofmuscles, including respiratory muscles

• CLONIC PHASE:

–> jerky movements

–> postictal stupor

Question 11

What type of epilepsy is characterized by EEG record of 3 per second spike and dome pattern

Answer 11

• ABSENCE SEIZURES

Question 12

Describe epilepsy

Answer 12

• Disease characterized by tendency to have repeated seizures
• seizures are excessive, abnormal electrical discharge of cerebral enurons
• there are lots of causes of seizures: cortical damage from trauma, stoke, tumors, congenital vascular malformations, metabolic disease, infection, withdrawal from certain drugs, etc

Question 13

Absence seizures

Answer 13

• petit mal epilepsy
• sudden interruption of consciousness
• patient stares and briefly stops talking or fails to respond to others
• patients do not usually fall and may even continue such complex acts as walking or riding a bike
• generalized 3 per second spike and wave patter in the EEG
• seizure usually lasts 10 seconds or less
• first appear between age of 4 and puberty

Question 14

partial or focal seizures

Answer 14

• SIMPLE PARTIAL ZEIZURES
• -> do not affect general consciousness

–> limited symptom since only small part of cortex invovled: motor, auditory etc

• COMPLEX PARTIAL SEIZURES

–> affect consiousness

–> usually of temporal lobe origin

–> can cause complicated illusory phenomena

Question 15

describe narcolepsy

Answer 15

• SYMPTOMS = SLEEP ATTACKS, CATAPLEXY (abrupt attack of muscle weakness and hypotonia often triggered by an emotional stimulus), sleep paralysis, hypnagogic hallucinations, sleep (onset REM)
• Caused of Narcolepsy:

–> due to reduction or absence of hypothalamic cells tha tproduce and secrete OREXIN (hypocretin)

–> loss of cells probably due to autoimmune attack on cells

Question 16

Receptors/NT active in waking/REM sleep

Answer 16

• Cholinergic receptors
• Histaminergic neurons (of posterior hypothalamus)
• Locus coeruleus = transmitter, NE
• Pontine raphe neuron = transmitter, Serotonin
• Orexin neurons (lateral hypothalamus)
• Mnooaminergic systems

Question 17

Receptors/NT active in NON-REM/onset of sleep

Answer 17

• decreased firing of Waking/rem sleep neurons
• Neurons in VENTROLATERAL PREOPTIC nucleus of the hypothalamus (VPLO) periodically inhibit the aboce neurons and thereforve invovled in non-REM sleep

Question 18

define insomnia

Answer 18

• disorder of initiating and maintaing sleep during normal sleeping periods
• causes excessive sleepiness and sleep during normal waking period

Question 19

Parasomnias

Answer 19

• disorder of the sleep cycle and other non-sleep dysfunctions associated with sleep

–> bed = wetting or nocturnal enuresis

–> sleep = waking or somnambulism

–> realtiely common in children

–> REM behavior disorder or REM associated sleepdisorder

–> REM nightmare

–> Sleep apnea

Question 20

describe obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 20

• periods of obstructed airway during sleep
• causes patients to stop breathing during a short period of time, resulting in awakening and loss of deep sleep
• may present with symptoms of extreme tiredness, SNORING, HTN, stroke
• 30% higher risk of Heart attack/death

Question 21

describe sensory evoked potentials

Answer 21

• Extracted from EEG by use of computer averaging techniques
• Require that a special synchronized sensory stimulus be repeated many times
• the sensory stimuli result in nearly simultaneous actiity in a large number of closely spaced neurons along a snesory pathway
• signal averaging is based on the principle that noise in the EEG signal is random and will average to zero over time
• what is left is the part o fthe EEG that is dependent on the synchronized stimuli

Question 22

location of primary biological clock

Answer 22

• suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothlamus

Question 23

describe melatonin

Answer 23

• Melatonin is released from the pineal gland (increased secretions as light decreases)
• It is thought that melatonin helps modulate the brainstem circuits that control the sleep-wake cycle