Sleep

Question 1

What are the stages of sleep?

Answer 1

1. Awake: beta waves
2. NREM:
   - theta waves prominent (s1)
   - sleep spindles and mixed EEG (s2)
   - slow wave (s3) deep sleep
   - slow-wave with progressively more delta (s4)
3. REM
   * Deep sleep at the beginning, then fades to REM before waking.

Question 2

What are the consequences of poor sleep?

Answer 2

• Accidental death
• Memory loss
• Hallucinations (in the case of deprivation)
• Weakened immune response
• Increased obesity/diabetes risk

*A major issue in occupational health

Question 3

Describe two sleep/wake disorders according to the DSM-5 and outline treatment options.

Answer 3

1. Insomnia
   - Difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, or early morning awakening without the ability to return to sleep
   - More common in women
   - Results in fatigue, anxiety, irritability, and impaired concentration
   TREATMENT:
   - medication
   - psychotherapy
2. Hypersomnia
   - Excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep
   - At least 3 times per week for at least 3 months
3. Narcolepsy
   - Irrepressible need to sleep and a presence of at least one of the following: cataplexy, hypocretin deficiency or REM latency less than 15 minutes
   TREATMENT:
   - sleep routines, exercise and diet, or in the case of cataplexy: carers, psychotropics etc.