Sleep Disorders

Question 1

What is the predomninant compaint in insomnia?

Answer 1

Dissatisfaction with sleep quantity or quality

Question 2

What are some of the symptoms of insomnia

Answer 2

-Difficulty initiating sleeo
-Difficulty maintining sleep characterised by frequent awakening or problms returning to sleep
-Early morning awakening with inability to return to sleep
-Nonrestorative sleep

Question 3

What are the sleep complaints accompanied by significant distress or impairment in daytime function as a result of insomnia?

Answer 3

-Fatigue or low energy
-Daytime sleepiness
-Cognitive impairments
-Mood disturbance
-Behavioural problems
-Impaired occupational or academic function
-Impaired interperosnal/ social functin
-Negative impact on caregiver or family functioning

Question 4

What has DSM-V classified insomnia as when the diagnostic criteria is met?

Answer 4

Insmonia disorder

Question 5

What are 2 sleep-related movement disorders

Answer 5

Restless Leg syndromes (RLS) and Periodic Limb movement (PBMD)

Question 6

What type of response is restless leg syndrome?

Answer 6

RLS is a voluntary response which happens whilst awake in response to an uncomfortable feeling in the legs.

Question 7

What is RLS?

Answer 7

Terms used to describe RLS may include creepy, crawly, pulling, tingling, itching, or gnawing
-eases with motion of the legs and becomes more noticeable at rest

Question 8

What may worsening of RLS symptoms lead to?

Answer 8

symptoms becoming worse during early evening or later at night frequnecy leads to insomnia.

Question 9

What are two common causes of RLS?

Answer 9

-iron-deficiency anemia
-peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage)

Question 10

What type of response is Periodic Limb Movement (PLMD)?

Answer 10

PLMD is an involuntary response which occurs during sleep meaning the individual is often unaware of these movements/

Question 11

What is PLMD?

Answer 11

PLMD is a condition in which a persons legs or arms twitch or move involuntary and periodically.
-Characterised by behaviour ranging from shallow, continual movement of the ankle or toes, to wild and strenuous kicking and flailing of the legs and arms

Question 12

What may PLMD lead to?

Answer 12

Daytime sleepiness and insomnia

Question 13

What mental health conditions are associated with sleep disorders?

Answer 13

Depression, bipolar, anxiety, PTSD, panic, schizophrenia are typically associated with insomina and disruptions of circadian rhythms

Question 14

What do up to 80% of inidivudals with schizophrenia report issues of in regards to sleep?

Answer 14

symptoms of insomnia - over hald of patients with persecutory delusions report moderate or sever insomnia
-circadian disruption

Question 15

What do 75% of depressed individuals suffer with in regards to sleep?

Answer 15

Short REM latency, decreased slow wave sleep and increased wakefulness

Question 16

What may anxiety cause in relation to sleep?

Answer 16

A negative feedback loop which can worse both sleep and mental health

Question 17

Can drugs and alcohol create problems in sleep?

Answer 17

Yes, prescirption drugs, non-presciriptions drugs and alochol can all cause probelms in sleep.

Question 18

How many alcohol impact sleep?

Answer 18

May induce sleep but the quality of sleep is often fragmented during the second half of sleep period.
-increases number of times you awaken
-prevents deep sleep and REM sleep

Question 19

What may poor sleep from alcohol cause and how can this be recovered?

Answer 19

Sleep disruptions from alcohol may lead to daytime fatigue and sleepiness due to not having the ability to go through all the stages of sleep during the night. This may mean to recover from light sleep you have REM rebound the follwoing night.

Question 20

What is sleep apnea?

Answer 20

the condition of interrupted breathing while asleep, clinically means cessation of breathing during sleep.

Question 21

What are the two types of sleep apnea?

Answer 21

Obstructive and central

Question 22

What is obstructive apnea

Answer 22

-The most common form of apnea
-a true breathing obstructuion which requires the sleeper to awaken to begin breathing again (the muscles of the soft palate around the base of the tongue and the uvula relax, obstructing the airway. )

Question 23

What is central apnea?

Answer 23

The body forgets to breathe.
-dysfunction in the brain stem which controls breathing.

Question 24

What is narcolepsy?

Answer 24

A type of hypersomnia, a neurological disorder in which an individual suffers from uncontrollable, exessive sleep regardless of time of day or sleep quantity.

Question 25

What may narcolepsy look like?

Answer 25

Can include episodes of muscle weakness or paralysis (cataplexy). -daytime sleep attacks occuring with or withour warning -fragmented night time sleep with frequent brief awakenings

Question 26

What is the cause of narcolepsy?

Answer 26

Main cause thought to be a genetic predisposition producing too little neurotransmitter (hypocretin) functioning and sensitivity. Other transmitters, hormones and enzymes may be involved too.

Question 27

What is hypersomnia?

Answer 27

refers to either exessive sleepiness during the day or extended, overly long periods of nigh time sleep. Often associated with difficulty in awakening.

Question 28

What is idiopathic hypersomnia (primary hypersomnia)

Answer 28

-Characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness over a long period of time. The symptoms are present all, or nearly all, of the time. much like narcolepsy except there is no cataplexy, no sleep paralysis, and no rapid eye movement when the subject first falls asleep.

Question 29

What is recurrent hypersomnia (recurrent primary hypersomnia)

Answer 29

Involves periods of excessive daytime sleepiness that can last from one to many days, and recur over the course of a year or more Subject will have prolonged periods where they do not exhibit any signs of hypersomnia may sleep up to twelve hours a night, and still need frequent daytime naps this is also called Kleine-Levin Syndrome.

Question 30

What is parasomnia?

Answer 30

Parasomnia sleep disorder characterized by extreme terror and a temporary inability to regain full consciousness. The individual usually appears wo wake abruptly, confused, sweating and calling out, typically during the first couple hours of sleep

Question 31

What may Non-REM parasomnia consist of?

Answer 31

-Night terrors -Sleep walking

Question 32

What may REM parasomnia consist of?

Answer 32

-Nightmares -Sleep paralysis -REM Sleep Disorder

Question 33

What might night terrors consist of?

Answer 33

Person usually appears to wake abruptly, usually confused, sweating and calling out (gasping, moaning, or screaming) – usually occur during the first couple of hours of sleep. – since it is during stage-3 and stage-4 sleep that individuals experience night terrors they are experienced much differently than nightmares.

Question 34

What is a night terror episode?

Answer 34

Also known as ‘confusional arousals’ - episodes typically last 10-30 minutes The individual typically will have no memory of the incident afterwards - if any memory persists, it will be an unclear feeling of being chased, or of being trapped.

Question 35

What is sleepwalking/ somnambulism?

Answer 35

Sleepwalking occurs when you get up from bed and walk around even though you are still asleep. It can also involve a series of other complex actions

Question 36

What is sleep paralysis?

Answer 36

Sleep Paralysis -Characterized by paralysis of the body shortly after waking up or, less often, shortly before falling asleep -It is closely related to the normal paralysis that occurs during REM sleep -Person is fully aware, but unable to move- usually lasts no more than two minutes before a person is able to either return to full REM sleep or to become fully awake. -Often related with narcolepsy

Question 37

What is hallucinatory sleep paralysis?

Answer 37

sleep paralysis accompanies by a nightmare like hallucinations, can last as long as seven or eight minutes.

Question 38

What is REM sleep behaviour disorder?

Answer 38

dream-enacting behaviours, usually non directed (may include kicking, jumping from bed while still asleep) -elevated muscle activity during REM sleep is important to diagnosis

Question 39

What are some circaridan rhythm sleep disorders?

Answer 39

- Shift work sleep disorder - Jet lag sleep disorder - Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) - Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome (ASPS)

Question 40

What is Delayed Sleep Phase syndrome (DSPS)

Answer 40

-A chronic disorder of the timing of sleep, peak period of alertness, the core body temperature rhythm, hormonal and other daily rhythms, compared to the general population and relative to societal requirements.

Question 41

What types/ severity of DSPS is there?

Answer 41

Mild: Two hour delay associated with little or mild impairment of social or occupational functioning. Moderate: Three hour delay Severe: Four hour delay associated with severe impairment.

Question 42

What is advanced sleep phase syndrome (ASPS)?

Answer 42

A condition in which patients feel very sleepy and go to bed early in the evening (e.g. 6:00–8:00 p.m.) and wake up very early in the morning (e.g. 1:00–3:00 a.m.). -They complain of early morning insomnia and falling asleep early in the evening. -Melatonin levels and core body temperature will cycle hours earlier than the average person

Question 43

What is shift work sleep disorder?

Answer 43

Sleep disorder that affects people who frequently alternate shifts or work at night, contrary to the body’s natural circadian rhythms, and cannot adjust to their schedule.

Question 44

What are the three factors included in shift work sleep disorder?

Answer 44

circadian sleep domestic/ social factors

Question 45

What is irregular phase?

Answer 45

a rare form of circadian rhythm sleep disorder. - It is characterized by numerous naps throughout the 24-hour period - no main night time sleep episode and irregularity from day to day - sufferers have no pattern of when they are awake or asleep, may have poor quality sleep, and often may be very sleepy while they are awake.

Question 46

What is non-synchronised phase?

Answer 46

sleep bout is consolidated, but not synchronised to the external environmental cycle