slides03

Question 1

history of the Internet

Answer 1

• Email and discussion groups are popular
• 1973 Internet reaches London
• 1974 TCP/IP replaces NCP
• 1980s 1000s of machines on the Internet
• Domain Name System arrives
• 1980/90 Original ARPANET decommissioned and replaced
• Commerce arrives
• Other networks based on other protocols are replaced by the Internet
• 1992 1,000,000 hosts
• Gopher
• Tim Berners-Lee invents the Web
• The Internet starts to enter the home
• Microsoft gives up on its own network and falls into line
• The Dot Com boom
• The Dot Com crash
• Broadband to the home
• Large commerce over the Internet
• Mobile revolution

Question 2

purpose of standards and standardised protocols

Answer 2

ensure maximum interoperability

Question 3

overseeing bodies

Answer 3

• Internet Society (ISOC); oversees the Internet standard development processes
• Internet Architecture Board (IAB); ISOC committee that oversees the technical and engineering development of the Internet, particularly IETF and IRTF
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF); IAB committee that develops standards and publishes RFCs
• Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG); executive sub-committee of IETF that has final say over RFCs
• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF); IAB committee that does long-term research and development of Internet technology
• Internet Research Steering Group (IRSG); sub-committee of IRTF that manages the research groups
• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN); nonprofit internationally-organised organisation to oversee global resources such as names and numbers
• Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA); the part of IANA that deals with domain names and IP addresses, run by a company named “Public Technical Identifiers”

Question 4

IANA delegates management of various things to Regional Internet Registries (RIRs), e.g., domain names and addresses
Current RIRs:

Answer 4

• African Network Information Centre (AfriNIC); Africa
• American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN); North America and Antarctica
• Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre (APNIC); Asia, Australia, New Zealand
• Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre (LACNIC); South America
• Re ́seaux IP Europe ́ns Network Coordination Centre (RIPE); Europe, Russia, the Middle East, and Central Asia

Question 5

other bodies

Answer 5

• IEEE Institute for Electric and Electronic Engineers; hardware like Ethernet and Wi-Fi
• ISO International Standards Organisation; e.g., XML standards
• IEC International Electrotechnical Commission; e.g., Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA)
• ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization Sector of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union); e.g., DSL standards
• lots more national and international institutions
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INVESTIGATE EACH
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Question 6

How to build a network

Answer 6

• We pick a layering model
• We use this to guide us in making a standard
• We use the standard to direct the implementations
• We can then use the implementations

Question 7

two main Models in use

Answer 7

the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Seven-Layer Model; and the Internet Four-Layer Model