1
Q
What are the steps in the scientific method?
A
Observation, Experimentation, Analysis
2
Q
What are the steps in a scientific investigation?
A
Purpose, research, hypothesis, experiment, analysis, and conclusion
3
Q
Independent variable is?
A
Something you can change
4
Q
Dependent variable is?
A
A variable that is influenced by something else
5
Q
Constants are?
A
Variables that don’t change (they are consistent)
6
Q
How do we observe things?
A
Through sight, sound, taste, touch, and smell
7
Q
What is Charles Darwin known for?
A
The theory of evolution
8
Q
Who made the laws of physics?
A
Sir Issac Newton
9
Q
What is the law of diffusion?
A
When molecules move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
10
Q
What is biomimicry/biomimetics?
A
The practice of using nature’s designs and processes to solve human problems
11
Q
What is matter composed of?
A
Atoms
12
Q
What is matter?
A
Solid, liquid, or gas
13
Q
Atoms are
A
The smallest functional unit that forms all chemical substances and organisms
14
Q
Atoms cannot be
A
Broken down
15
Q
Atoms have subatomic particles. These are?
A
Protons (+), Neutrons (neutral), electrons (-)
16
Q
The nucleus is
A
The center of an atom, comprised of protons and neutrons
17
Q
Why do atoms have no net electric charge?
A
The number of protons and electrons is equal
18
Q
What are the electron shells called in order? Closest to furthest
A
K shell, L shell, M shell, N shell
19
Q
What type of energy do electrons have?
A
Kinetic
20
Q
How many electrons are in each shell?
A
K=2, L=8, M=18, N=32
21
Q
Do atoms have mass?
A
Yes
22
Q
What is a molecule?
A
Two or more atoms bonded together
23
Q
What is a compound?
A
A molecule of two or more DIFFERENT elements
24
Q
When are covalent bonds formed?
A
When atoms share electrons
25
What is a single bond?
Two atoms share an electron
26
What is a Double bond?
Two atoms share two pairs of electrons
27
What is a triple bond?
Two atoms share three pairs of electrons
28
What is the electronegativity of an atom
The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a bond with another atom
29
What happens if two atoms with different electronegativities form a covalent bond?
The shared electrons are more likely to be closer to the nucleus of the atom of higher electronegativity than the atoms with lower electronegativity
30
Atoms with two different electronegativities are?
Polar covalent bonds
31
Oxygen is more ________ than hydrogen
Electronegative
32
How are polar and non polar molecules different?
Their structure and distribution of electrical charge within the molecule
33
Polar molecules can be soluble in _____ solvents
Polar
34
Nonpolar molecules can only be soluble in ____________ solvents
Nonpolar
35
Which molecules have a high boiling/melting point?
Polar molecules
36
What molecules have a lower boiling/melting point?
Nonpolar molecules
37
When is a hydrogen bond formed?
When a hydrogen atom bonds to a highly electronegative atom
38
Hydrogen bonds are responsible for what?
Water’s high boiling/melting point
39
What is an ionic bond?
An attraction between positive and negative ions when there is a significant difference in electronegativity
40
If an atom or molecule gains or loses one or more electrons it becomes a
Ion
41
An ionic bond occurs when a
Cation binds to an Anion
42
Chemical reactions change
The properties of atoms or molecules to create new ones
43
Most natural chemical reactions occur in?
Water
44
What readily dissolves in water?
Ions and polar molecules
45
How can a substance be dissolved in water?
It must be attracted to water molecules
(Ionic or polar covalent bonds)
46
Hydrophilic molecules are
Water loving
47
48
Hydrophobic molecules are
Water repelling
49
What type of molecules aren’t attracted to water?
Molecules without a partial positive and negative charge
50
Molecules that love and fear water are
Amphiphillic
51
Molecules that love and fear water are?
Amphiphillic
52
The head of a molecule is _________ and the tail is __________
Hydrophilic, hydrophobic
53
What is hydrolysis?
When water combines chemically to break apart larger molecules
54
The four major types of Bio molecules are
Carbohydrates, Animo acids, lipids, and nucleotides
55
All living organisms are made up of
Biomolecules
56
Biomolecules are responsible for
Maintenance and metabolic processes
57
Small molecules are
Primary & secondary metabolites, hormones
58
Large macromolecules are
Proteins, Nucleic Acids, carbohydrates, lipids, etc.
59
Biomolecules all contain _______
Carbon (and may contain minor elements)
60
What is a hydroxyl group?
A functional group present in alcohols and carbohydrates
(COH) SOLUBLE IN WATER
61
Carbonyl group are
Functional groups of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
62
Carboxyl groups can act as ______ by _________
Acids, donating protons
63
Amino group is found in
Amino acids (acting as a base accepting protons)
64
Phosphate groups are crucial in
The structure of Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) found in ATP
65
What does ATP do?
Transfers energy in cells
66
Sulfhydryl group
Stabilizes proteins structures through forming disulfide bonds
67
Methyl groups play a role in
Gene expression (found in various biomolecules) DNA and some lipids
68
Ester group
Present in lipids, involved in energy storage and cell membrane structure
69
Amide group
Found in proteins, they link amino acids together, present in Nucleic Acids
70
Carbohydrates provide
Energy
71
Carbohydrates are classified as
(Sugars)
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
72
Monosaccharides can be
Linear or ring shaped
(In aqueous environments they are ring shaped)
73
When energy is released from glucose it’s used to make
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
74
A dehydration reaction is
When two monosaccharides join with a hydrogen atom and release a water molecule
75
What is polymerization?
A glycosidic link
76
Polysaccharides are linked by
Covalent bonds
77
Homopolysaccarides
One type combined
78
Heteropolysaccharides
Two different combined
79
Glycogen is a key energy reserve in
Animals
80
Starch is a key energy reserve in
Plants
81
Amino acids are made of
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen
82
Amino acids can link to form
Polypeptides or proteins
83
Essential amino acids
Can’t be produced by the body on it’s own /can’t be synthesized
84
Non-essential amino acids
Cells can synthesize/ absorb
85
Hemoglobin
Makes blood red, helps transport oxygen throughout the body, and carbon dioxide to the lungs
86
Carbon dioxide is
A waste product of metabolism
87
Nucleotides are made up of
A phosphate group, Adenine base(nitrogenous ), and pentose (5carbonsugar)
88
APT is made up of
Phosphate group, Ribose, Adenine Base
89
What are purine nucleotides
Adenine (A), Guanine (G)
90
What are pyrimidine nucleotides
Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), Uracil (U)
DNA. RNA
91
Nitrogenous base pairs are
Each sections of DNA and RNA
92
DNA stands for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
93
RNA stands for
Ribonucleic acid
94
A polymer is
Nucleic acids joined together
95
Saturated fatty acids characteristic
No double bonds between carbon atoms
(Solid at room temp)
96
Unsaturated fatty acids
One or more double bonds
(Liquid at room temp)
97
Lipids include
Fats, oils, and phospholipids
(Cell signaling)
98
Characteristics of phospholipids in membranes
Fluidity, selectivity
99
In a mammalian cell proteins and lipids make up 75% of the mass
100
Origin of life hypothesis
Stage 1: Nucleotides and amino acids were produced prior to the existence of cells.
Stage 2: Nucleotides became polymerized to form RNA and/or
DNA, and amino acids became polymerized to form proteins.
Stage 3: Polymers became enclosed in membranes.
Stage 4: Polymers enclosed in membranes acquired cellular properties
101
Who created the origin of life hypothesis 1920s
Alexander Oparin, J.B.S. Haldane
102
According to haldane and oparin what substance formed
Primordial soup/prebiotic soup (organic molecules)
103
In 1953 American Chemists Stanley miller did what
Tested whether the prebiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible
104
What was the outcome of Stanley’s experiment?
Amino acids dropped into a trap
105
The deep-sea vent hypothesis was created by _______ in 1988
Gunter Wachtershauser
106
What is the deep-sea vent hypothesis?
Organic molecules may have originated in deep-sea vents, which are cracks in the Earth's surface where superheated water rich in metal ions and hydrogen sulfide (HS) mixes abruptly with cold seawater
107
Possible origin 1 is the
Releasing hot gaseous substances from the interior of the Earth (vents) at temperatures more than 300°C (572°F).
108
Second stage of the origin of life
The formation of polymers on clay
109
What do clay particles derive from
Silicate rich rocks
110
The term Protobiont:
aggregating prebiotically produced molecules and macromolecules that acquired a boundary, such as a lipid bilayer, that allowed it to maintain an internal chemical environment distinct from that of its surroundings.
111
First possibility of the lipid bilayer
droplets that form spontaneously from the association of charged polymers such as proteins, carbohydrates, or nucleic acids surrounded by water
112
The second possibility of lipid bilayer
Some types of lipids (phospholipids) were dissolved in water, and they spontaneously form liposomes.
Biology 181
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