Smallies Ectoparasite Control

Question 0

Which types of drugs are effective against the 2 classes of arthropoda?

Answer 0

• insecta = insecaticides

- arachnida = aracicides

Question 1

What phylum do ectoparasites belong in and which classes can this be subdivided into?

Answer 1

• arthropoda
  > insecta (diptera flies, siphonaptera fleas, phthiraptera lice)
  > arachnida (acarina: ticks and mites)

Question 2

What is the most common flea to affect dogs and cats in the UK?

Answer 2

• c. felis

Question 3

What are the 3 objectives of FAD control? EXAM QUESTION

Answer 3

1. kill fleas in the coat
2. protect against re-infestation
3. eliminate environmental reservoir (95% fleas are in the environment) to prevent subsequent generations

Question 4

What are the 2 main targets in flea control?

Answer 4

> adult fleas in hair
- adulticide (preferably before they have a chance to lay eggs)
immature stages in carpet/refuge
- killed on emergence or cannot procreate due to adulticide effects
- IGR/IDI usage
- vacuum!!

Question 5

Which insecticides have activity against fleas?

Answer 5

> traditional
- organophosphates
- organochlorines 
- carbamates
- pyrethroids
> newer 
- imidacloprid/nitenpyram/dinotefuran
- fipronil/pyriprole
- selamectin
- spinosad
> v. new
- indoxacarb (Activyl) 
- indox+permethrin (activyl tick +) 
- fipronil/methoprene/amitraz (certifect) 
- spinosad (comfortis) 
- fluralaner (bravecto)
- alfoxolaner (NexGard)

Question 6

Why are newer flea tx better than traditional for the most part?

Answer 6

• efficacy
• ease of use
• persistnece
• safety
• different mechanisms of action prevents resistnace forming

Question 7

What is capstar?

Answer 7

• Nitempyram
• v. quick kill
• no persistance
• cats and dogs
• fleas only
• used on entry to kennels etc.

Question 8

What is Comfortis? Contraindcations?

Answer 8

• Spinosad
• Tetracyclic macrolide (targets nACH R)
• dog and cat
• label claim for fleas only
• rapid kill
• persistnace ~1 month
• oral administration
• some V+ seen as side effect (more in cats)
• DO NOT GIVE WITH IVERMECTIN !!!

Question 9

What is Trifexis?

Answer 9

Comfortis + milbemycin

Question 10

What is Certifect?

Answer 10

• fipronil + methoprene + amitraz
• Dog only, not cat or rabbit
• spot on monthly
• label claims for fleas, ticks, Trichodectes Canis.

Question 11

What is Activyl?

Answer 11

Indoxacarb

• Na channel blocker
• bio-activation inside flea
• spoton monthly
• quick kill
• label claim for fleas only

Question 12

What is Activyl Tick +?

Answer 12

Indoxacarb + Permethrin

• DOG ONLY (Cats permethrin toxicity)
• bio-activation
• spot on monthly
• label claim for fleas and ticks (Ixodes, Rhipicephalus, Dermacentor, Amblyomma)

Question 14

What long acting product is Activyl commonly combined with?

Answer 14

Scalibor collar

• Deltamethrin-impregnated collar
• Dog only
• 6 months activity
• Sandflies, mosquitos, ticks
• safe combinatio

Question 15

How does Activyl efficacy compare to Frontline combo?

Answer 15

Activyl much more efficacious

Question 16

Which products have insecticide resistance associated with them?

Answer 16

• fipronil (german cockroaches, Anopheles mosquitos, houseflies)
• imidacloprid (Colorado potato beetles, aphids, whitefly)

Question 17

What is IGR/IDI and what delivery routes are available?

Answer 17

> IGr= Insect growth regulator
> IDI = Insect development inhibitor
- lufenuron: orally dogs, +injectable in cats
- cyromazine: house spray
- pyriproxifen: animal and house spray
- methoprene: animal and household spray

Question 18

How do IGRs work?

Answer 18

• disrupt development
  > juvenile hormone analogues affect immature insects eg. methoprene, pyriproxifen
  > IDIs inhibit chitin synthesis eg. lufenuron

Question 19

Which oral products affect fleas only?

Answer 19

> Nitenpyram (Capstar)
- dog or cat
- NO persistence 
> Spinosad (Comfortis) 
- dog or cat 
- rapid kill PLUS 3-4 week persistence

Question 20

Which oral products affect fleas and ticks?

Answer 20

> Afoxolaner (NexGard) 
- dog only 
- 5 weeks fleas
- 4 weeks ticks 
> Fluralaner (Bravecto) 
- dog only 
- 12 week fleas
- 1-12 week ticks

Question 21

Which spray product is available for flea control? What other parasites does this treat?

Answer 21

Fibpronil (Frontline, Effipro)

• dog and cat
• 4 week activity
• label (8, 12 week)
• lice and ticks too
• BUT not fast enough to prevent flea attachment
• Spot on more commonly used*

Question 22

Which spot-on products are available for flea control?

Answer 22

> Indoxacarb (Activyl) 
- dog and cat
- activated by flea enzymes
> Imidacloprid (Advantage) 
- dog, cat and rabbit
- efficacy reduced by wetting

Question 23

Which spot-on products are available for fleas and ticks?

Answer 23

> Fipronil (Frontline, Effipro) 
- dog and cat
- > 4 week activity
- but egg laying seen at week 4
- lice and ticks treated too
> Fipronil + Methoprene (Frontline Combo)
 - dog and cat
- extended ovicidal activity
- POM-V
> Pyripole (Practic) 
- dog only 
- ticks only 
> Imidacloprid/Permethrin (Advantix)
- NOT CAT! 
- dog only 
> Dinotefuran/Permethrin/Pyriproxyfen (Vectra 3D) 
- NOT CAT! 
- dog only

Question 24

Which product similar to permethrin is ok for use in cats?

Answer 24

Flumethrin

Question 25

Which spot-on endectocides are available and what are they effeectvie against?

Answer 25

``` > Selamectin (Stronghold, Revolution) - dog an dcat - systemic - good for fox mange areas (SE England) > Imidacloprid/Moxidectin (Advocate) - dog and cat - systemic or topical - imidacloprid insecticide, moxidectin = milbemycin for roundworms, lungworms and sarcoptes ```

Question 26

Which acaricidal products can be used for sarcoptes?

Answer 26

``` > Selamectin (Stronghold, Revolution) - x2, q28d min > Imidacloprid/moxidectin (Advocate) - x2, q28d min > Amitraz (Aludex) washes - weekly 2-6tx - 1/2 dose used for demidex ```

Question 27

What is the aim of tx of sarcoptes?

Answer 27

- CURE! Eradicate all mites. | - Zoonotic

Question 28

What is the golden rule regarding suspected Sarcoptic mange?

Answer 28

Always treat suspected cases as zoonotic

Question 29

What is usually the 1st line tx for ectoparasites?

Answer 29

``` Treat the treatable - scabies - FAD - pyoderma - Malasezzia dermatitis > rule these out first! ```

Question 30

Which acaricidal products can be used for demidecosis?

Answer 30

``` > Imidacloprid/Moxidectin (Advocate) - q7d (poor efficacy) > Amitraz (Aludex) washes - weekly 8-16 treatements > Non-LIC oral tx - Ivermectin (NOT COLLIES: toxic), Milbemycin ```

Question 31

Where do demodex live?

Answer 31

On hair shafts

Question 32

What is certifect?

Answer 32

Frontline Combo + Amitraz - dog only - pemphigus potential side effect

Question 33

Which acaricidal products are available for ticks?

Answer 33

``` > Fipronil (spray or spoton) - cat and dogs > Fipronil + Amitraz - DOGS only > Amitrz or detamethrin collars - DOGS only > Imidacloprid/permethrin spoton - DOGS only > Indoxacarb/permethrin spoton - DOGS only > Dinotefuran/permethrin spoton - DOGS only > ALfoxalaner, fluralaner - DOGS only ```

Question 34

What new tick product is available?

Answer 34

``` Serest collar - Imidacloprid and flumethrin - Cat: fleas and ticks 7-8mo - Dog: Fleas, biting lice, ticks 7-8mo - flea activity v with wetting (~5 mo) > slow onset as needs to diffuse into animals ```

Question 35

What level of efficacy is required for licensing a product in UK?

Answer 35

95% (lower in US and Australia)