1
Q
What is double consciousness?
A
The internal conflict experienced by individuals, particularly African Americans, due to their dual identity as black and American.
2
Q
What does DuBois mean by being born with a veil?
A
In a racist society, one is already covered and is viewed as not just a person, but as a black person.
3
Q
What is second-sight?
A
You not only think of yourself as a person, but you are also aware of how others view you.
4
Q
What is the definition of stereotype?
A
An exaggerated description applied to every person in a social category.
oversimplify and inaccurately represent groups.
5
Q
Stereotypes are:
A
- Descriptions or images about a group
- Oversimplifies
- Exaggerated
- Inaccurate
- Persistent
- Resistant to change
6
Q
Where do stereotypes come from?
A
Humans don’t have unlimited processing power, so we have to find shortcuts to organize all the information in the world.
7
Q
What are heuristics?
A
Mental rules of thumb that allow one to process information and make decisions quickly.
8
Q
What is the Elaboration Likelihood Model?
A
explains how people process persuasive information
.
9
Q
What is confirmation bias?
A
The tendency to notice and remember mainly information that lends support to our beliefs.
10
Q
What is selective avoidance?
A
The tendency to direct attention away from information that challenges existing attitudes.
11
Q
What is biased assimilation?
A
view the Information that disproves our beliefs as less reliabe than info that supports our beliefs.
12
Q
How have stereotypes affected how people see Palestinian children?
A
The answer is not provided in the text.
13
Q
What was Jane Elliott’s experiment?
A
Students with blue eyes were superior and performed better, while students with brown eyes were less than and performed worse and had less self-esteem.
14
Q
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A
When acting on a belief leads to an outcome that appears to confirm the validity of the belief.
15
Q
What is social identity theory?
A
Individual group people into social categories based on shared characteristics.
16
Q
How are adults with an authoritarian personality developed?
A
Children raised by dominating parents who relied on harsh discipline to enforce rigid obedience.
This upbringing can lead to rigid thinking and intolerance.
17
Q
What exactly did Adorno argue?
A
The parenting style resulted in repressed anger towards the harsh parents, which was redirected to less powerful targets.
18
Q
What did Altemeyer argue about authoritarian personalities?
A
Children learn a prejudicial style of thinking from their parents and other important people in their lives.
19
Q
What is Duckitt’s Dual-Process Model of personality?
A
Children raised by strict and punitive parents develop a strong need for social conformity.
20
Q
What is color blind racism?
A
Use of race-neutral principles to defend the racially unequal status quo.
21
Q
What did Kendi say about being anti-racist?
A
People need to be more than non-racist; individuals need to actively be anti-racists.
22
Q
What did Mary Wollstonecraft do?
A
Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792) where she argued that women had the same ability for learning and being the equals of men but that women weren’t being educated.
23
Q
Who was Harriet Martineau?
A
First female sociologist.
She wrote Society in America (1837), contrasting slavery and the circumstances of women in America with American values.
24
Q
Who is Caroline Norton?
A
She campaigned for the rights of mothers to have custody of their children, culminating in the Custody of Infants Act (1839).
also worked for women’s divorce rights.
25
Who was **Betty Friedan**?
Wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963) which looks at how women were feeling about being homemakers and wives.
## Footnote
work sparked the second wave of feminism.
26
What was “the **problem that has no name**”?
The angst that women were experiencing when they had no strong sense of self and independent purpose.
## Footnote
This phrase captures the dissatisfaction many women felt in traditional roles.
27
What are the **four factors** that Coontz identified that changed traditional marriages?
* Women’s sexuality and their sexual desires
* Unreliable birth control and harsh penalties for illegitimacy
* Women having autonomy and independence from men
* Urbanization allowed more anonymity in personal life.
28
What is the **feminization of poverty**?
Women are disproportionately poor due to lower wages, child-rearing costs, discrimination, and single motherhood.
29
What is the **second shift**?
Women who are mothers and had full-time careers were reporting being overtired and emotionally drained.
30
What did the book **Reviving Ophelia** talk about?
Researched focused on pressure girls dealt with such as unrealistic beauty standards in advertising and the media as well as how peer pressure affected decisions about sex and the use of alcohol and drugs.
31
How many people **twelve and older** experience sexual assault each year?
423,020
32
How many women have experienced an **attempted or completed rape** in their lifetime?
1 in 6 U.S. women.
33
What percent of **underage females** are victims and what percent of **adult rape victims** are females?
82% are underage and 90% are adults.
34
What percent of **rape victims** are male?
10%
35
Why have different **rape prevention strategies** seemed to have not reduced the number of males raping females?
Prevention efforts focus on how women should avoid assault, shifting responsibility onto victims.
36
Why does **Mary Koss** favor restorative justice over the criminal justice system?
Criminal justice system rarely leads to convictions and survivors often feel retraumatized by court processes.
37
How does **MacKinnon** view prostitution?
A form of sexual exploitation and inequality rather than a legitimate form of work.
38
What model does **MacKinnon** advocate for?
The Nordic Model, which penalizes those who buy sex and those who facilitate it while decriminalizing the individuals who are prostituted.
## Footnote
aims to reduce demand for prostitution
39
What percent of **LGBTQ+ adults** faced discrimination in the previous year?
More than one-third or 36%.
40
What percent of **trans adults** reported experiencing some kind of housing discrimination?
More than 2 in 10
41
What percent of **LGBTQ+ adults** reported experiencing discrimination in the workplace?
Nearly 1 in 4.
42
What percent of **intersex adults** have to travel to a different state in order to access abortion, reproductive, or maternal care because laws banned it in their state?
Nearly 1 in 4.
43
Which companies have not backed away from **DEI policies**?
* Costco
* Apple
* Microsoft
44
Which companies have backed away from **DEI**?
* Amazon
* Walmart
* Target
45
What happens during the stage of **contact**?
Two groups come into contact for the first time, through migration or travel.
46
What happens in the stage of **competition**?
Groups compete for resources, like jobs, housing, political power, and social status.
47
What happens in the stage of **accommodation**?
Groups learn to live alongside each other, developing informal and formal arrangements to reduce conflict.
48
What happens in the stage of **assimilation**?
The minority group gradually adopts the culture, language, and norms of the dominant culture.
## Footnote
This process can lead to the loss of cultural identity.
49
What were the years of the **first immigration streams** and what groups were coming over?
1820-1880
* Irish: Potato famine
* Germans: Political unrest
* British: Industrialization pressures
* Scandinavians: Limited farmland and poverty
50
What were the years of the **second immigration streams** and what groups were coming over?
1880-1924
* Italians: Poverty and limited farmland
* Eastern European Jews: Religious persecution
* Poles and Slavs: Poverty and political oppression
* Greeks: Economic hardship
* Russians: Political repression and poverty
51
What were the years of the **third immigration streams** and what groups were coming over?
1965-present
* Latin Americans: Economic opportunities and poverty
* Asian immigrants: Job opportunities and education
52
What is the **split labor market theory**?
The tensions between the different ethnic groups of workers come from the workers themselves.
53
What is **group threat theory**?
Prejudice and discrimination increase when one group feels threatened by another, whether the threat is real or imagined.
54
During the Gold rush, why did hostility toward **Chinese immigrants** increase?
White miners saw them as economic competitors.
55
Why did discrimination toward **Chinese workers** decrease during the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad?
Their labor was necessary, leading to less tension.
56
What happened after the railroad was completed, and why did hostility rise again?
More tension over jobs and more acts of violence towards the Chinese.
57
What is the **1882 Chinese Exclusion Act**?
Federal law that banned Chinese immigration.
58
What was the **1888 Scott Act**?
Banned Chinese laborers from re-entering the United States once they left, even if they already lived in the U.S. and had legal paperwork.
59
Why did **Chinatowns** develop?
Adaptation to survive in a hostile environment.
60
What do **first generation immigrants** deal with?
Face challenges with learning a new language as well as facing discrimination by individuals in their new society.
61
What do **second generation immigrants** deal with?
Are more comfortable with the culture and are likely to identify with being American.
62
What do **third generation immigrants** deal with?
Interested in regaining and practicing the language and customs of the culture of origin.
63
Who were the **Irish immigrants** before the potato famine and what religion were most of them?
They were Scots-Irish Protestants.
64
What caused the major wave of **Irish immigration** in the mid-1800s?
Potato famine.
65
What years did the **Irish potato famine** occur?
1845-1852
66
Why was leaving Ireland viewed as **sad and tragic**?
Was seen as permanent separation from family and homeland called American wake.
67
How did native born Americans react to **Irish immigrants**?
With hostility, prejudice, and discrimination, often claiming Irish took jobs.
68
Why did the **Irish** become a powerful political force in the U.S.?
Organized in cities, voted collectively, and used political machines to help immigrants get jobs and support.
69
Why did more **Irish women** immigrate to America than men?
Women had greater opportunities in America and could find steady work as domestic servants.
70
Who was **Richard O’Gorman** and what does his experience represent?
An Irish immigrant who rose in American politics and society, symbolizing Irish resilience, upward mobility, and success despite discrimination.
71
Besides the Irish, which group made up a major part of the **first immigration stream**?
Germans
72
Around what time did significant **German immigration** begin in America?
By the time of the American Revolution.
73
Between which years did Germans represent about **one-quarter** of all U.S. immigrants?
From 1830-1890
74
Who were the **Forty-Eighters**?
German immigrants who fled after failed democratic revolutions in 1848-49.
75
What events in Germany led to the immigration of the **Forty-Eighters**?
The failed revolutions in German states.
76
Why were the **Forty-Eighters** disappointed when they arrived in the U.S.?
By slavery, political corruption, poor treatment of minority groups, and lack of women's voting rights.
77
What political party did the **Know-Nothing Party** represent and what were its beliefs?
A nativist, anti-immigrant, and anti-Catholic political group.
78
When Italian immigrants first arrived in the U.S., did they see themselves as **“Italian”**? If not, how did they identify?
They identified by their regional province.
79
When did Italy officially become a **unified nation** with Rome as its capital?
1871
80
What is **ethnogenesis**?
Formation of a new ethnic identity, often imposed by outsiders.
81
Give an example from **Native American history** that parallels ethnogenesis.
Being grouped as 'Indians' by Europeans.
82
Which immigration stream brought most **Jewish immigrants** to the U.S.?
During the second immigration stream.
83
Who were the **Sephardim** and when did they immigrate?
Jews from Germany who immigrated before the second stream, they followed reform Judaism.
84
What is the difference between **Reform Judaism** and **Orthodox Judaism**?
* Reform Judaism: More modern and adaptable
* Orthodox Judaism: More traditional and strict
85
What occupational skills did **Jewish immigrants** often have that helped them succeed in America?
Many had urban skills like tailoring, trading, business, and artisan skills.
86
What is **assimilation by substitution**?
Giving up your original culture completely and fully adopting the new culture.
87
What is **assimilation by addition**?
Adopting aspects of the new culture while still keeping your original cultural identity, language, and traditions.
88
Which lecture explained these two types of **assimilation**?
The lecture titled 'Differing interpretations of Assimilation and Is Whiteness Problematic?'
89
Who developed the **eight subprocesses of assimilation**?
Milton Gordon
90
What two models interpret **Gordon’s eight subprocesses of assimilation**?
* Anglo-Conformity Model
* Cultural Pluralism Model
91
What does the **Anglo-Conformity Model** emphasize?
Immigrants should fully Americanize, drop old customs, and conform to Anglo-American norms.
92
What does the **Cultural Pluralism Model** emphasize?
Immigrants can adopt American culture while still preserving their ethnic identity, language, and traditions.
93
Whose ideas support **Cultural Pluralism**?
Horace Kallen
94
What does “**e pluribus unum**” mean in this context?
Out of many, one.
95
Give an example of **Anglo-conformity**.
Expecting all immigrants to speak only English and abandon their native language.
96
Give an example of **cultural pluralism**.
A Cuban American who speaks English in public but still speaks Spanish at home and celebrates Cuban culture.
97
What was the main purpose of the **1917, 1921, and 1924 immigration acts**?
To restrict immigration, especially from Southern and Eastern Europe.
98
What did the **1917 Immigration Act** target?
People seen as undesirable — alcoholics, stowaways, vagrants, and people with mental illness.
99
Did the **1917 act** reduce immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe as intended?
No, it failed to reduce those immigrant numbers.
100
What did the **1921 Emergency Quota Act** do?
Set immigration quotas at 3% of each nationality based on the 1910 Census.
101
Why did this reduce **Southern & Eastern European immigration**?
Because the 1910 census favored older immigrant groups (Northern & Western Europeans).
102
What changes did the **1924 Immigration Act** make?
* Switched quota base to 1890 Census
* Lowered annual immigration limit to 165,000 then 150,000
* Severely restricted Southern/Eastern European immigration
* Ended the second immigration stream
103
When did immigration policy shift again after these restrictions?
After World War II
104
What topic was discussed regarding **media** in the immigration lecture?
Racial representation and misrepresentation in film and media.
105
What are some **problematic media practices** discussed?
* Whitewashing
* Stereotyping
* Cultural appropriation
* Cultural erasure
* Tokenism
* Misrepresentation
* Exoticism
106
What should you be able to do with these **terms**?
Define them and identify examples from media/film.
107
What immigration policy statement by **Donald Trump** was discussed?
He proposed reducing refugee admissions to 7.
108
When did **immigration policy shift** again after restrictions?
After World War II
109
What topic was discussed regarding **media** in the immigration lecture?
Racial representation and misrepresentation in film and media
110
Name some **problematic media practices** discussed.
* Whitewashing
* Stereotyping
* Cultural appropriation
* Cultural erasure
* Tokenism
* Misrepresentation
* Exoticism
111
What should you be able to do with the terms related to media practices?
Define them and identify examples from media/film
112
What **immigration policy statement** by Donald Trump was discussed?
He proposed reducing refugee admissions to 7,500 per year
113
What is the recent average number of **refugees** previously accepted per year in the U.S.?
About 100,000 per year
114
Which group did Trump say he wanted to **prioritize**?
Afrikaner refugees (white South Africans) and others claiming persecution
115
What does Trump's example illustrate about **U.S. immigration policy**?
Presidents can directly influence refugee and immigration policy, shaping who is allowed into the country
soc 201
flashcards
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# Cards
