soc 9/25/25

Question 1

sociology

Answer 1

study of human social relation, groups and societies

Question 2

sociological imagination

Answer 2

how society shapes our attitudes, behaviors, opportunities and constraints

Question 3

individual and collective agency

Answer 3

exercise free will

Question 4

structure

Answer 4

pattern social relationships that constrain our free will

Question 5

structural functionalism

Answer 5

sees society as a system of parts that work together to maintain cohesion of the whole

Question 6

social conflict paradigm

Answer 6

sees society in terms of conflict that is built into society (in which some benefits from the social order at the expense of others)

Question 7

symbolic interactions

Answer 7

sees society at the product of everyday encounters between people

Question 8

Errors in ordinary human inquiry

Answer 8

-inaccurate observations
-over-generalization
-selective observation
-resistance to change

Question 9

inductive reasoning

Answer 9

specific to general (start of evidence)

Question 10

deductive reasoning

Answer 10

general to specific (start with theory)

Question 11

culture (short definition)

Answer 11

the personality of a society or group or organization

Question 12

non material culture

Answer 12

non physical products of society that are created over time and shared (beliefs)

Question 13

material culture

Answer 13

physical object created, embraced or consumed by society that shapes peoples lives (ex. media)

Question 14

symbolizes and language

Answer 14

communication and transferring culture from on generation to the next, language reflects and shapes our cultural experiences

Question 15

values

Answer 15

culturally defined standards of judgment

Question 16

norms

Answer 16

rules and expectations guide behaviors, distinction between mores and folkways

Question 17

subculture

Answer 17

segment of population set apart by unique cultural patterns

Question 18

counter culture

Answer 18

segment of population the rejects aspects of the dominate culture and aims to change it

Question 19

cultural relativism

Answer 19

judging another culture by its own standard

Question 20

ethnocentrism

Answer 20

judging another culture by the standard of owns own culture

Question 21

functionalism

Answer 21

does the culture pattern contribute to the smooth functioning of societies

Question 22

conflict theory

Answer 22

does the pattern reflect the domination of some people and others? (ex. bride kidnapping)

Question 23

socialization

Answer 23

when people learn the culture of their society and who they can become (the social self)

Question 24

behaviorism

Answer 24

focuses on how people adapt their behaviors in response to rewards and punishments

Question 25

symbolic interaction

Answer 25

focuses on their interactions with others and self image that results from our interpretations of how they view us

Question 26

Cooley's looking glass self

Answer 26

we constantly form ideas about how others see us which shape the way we interact with others

Question 27

developmental stage theories

Answer 27

suggest there are stages of cognitive and moral development in which individuals learn to use language and symbolic reason

Question 28

psychoanalytic theories

Answer 28

focus on how society constraints our biological impulses

Question 29

total institutions

Answer 29

isolate individuals from the rest of society to achieve controls over their lives (ex. prison)

Question 30

resocialization

Answer 30

process by altering an individuals behavior through control of their environment (ex.prisons)

Question 31

ascribed status

Answer 31

received at birth or assumed involuntarily

Question 32

achieved status

Answer 32

status from personal effort and choices

Question 33

role conflict

Answer 33

tensions among roles associated with different statuses

Question 34

role strain

Answer 34

tensions among roles associated with single status

Question 35

goffmans dreamaturgical analysis

Answer 35

social interaction is like a theatrical performance in which we all present a "front" when interacting with others

Question 36

social construct of reality

Answer 36

process through which people shape reality through social interaction (when people come to an agreement)

Question 37

social groups

Answer 37

types of distinction from social catagories

Question 38

primary group

Answer 38

small group whose members share personal relationships (EX. families)

Question 39

secondary group

Answer 39

less personal group whose members interact as they pursue a specific goal (EX. coworkers)

Question 40

social category

Answer 40

collection of people who share some characteristics but do not regularly interact with each other

Question 41

reference groups

Answer 41

provide a standard against which we judge our attitudes and behaviors

Question 42

social networks

Answer 42

direct and indirect connections linking individuals and groups (web of weak social ties)

Question 43

social capital

Answer 43

resources embedded in our social networks (job seeking)

Question 44

deviance

Answer 44

recognized violation of cultural norm

Question 45

crime

Answer 45

violation of societies formally enacted criminal law

Question 46

Absolutist

Answer 46

see a clear moral distinction between right and wrong(see deviants as different form ordinary conforming people

Question 47

Relativists

Answer 47

consider circumstances under the behavior was carried out (suggests that there are no typical deviants)

Question 48

Strain theory

Answer 48

suggests that deviance can become excessive when some people lack legitimate means to achieve conventional goals

Question 49

Differential opportunity theory

Answer 49

takes into account not only motives for deviant behavior but also opportunities for it and lack of guardians to prevent the behavior

Question 50

Control theory

Answer 50

focuses on how relationships with people are institutions either discourage or foster deviant behavior

Question 51

Subcultural theories

Answer 51

focus on how dominant cultures may label subcultural practices as deviant

Question 52

Class-dominant theories

Answer 52

suggest that dominant classes determine who and what is labeled deviant

Question 53

Structural contradiction theories

Answer 53

suggest that dominant classes determine who and what is labeled deviant

Question 54

Structural contradiction theories

Answer 54

focuses on deviance as a response to contradictions shaped by powerful interests

Question 55

Labeling theory

Answer 55

focuses on the effect of being singled out defined and reacted to as deviant

Question 56

Differential association theory

Answer 56

suggests that deviance is learned from others

Question 57

Organized crime

Answer 57

crimes committed by groups providing illegal goods and services (drug trafficking)

Question 58

White color crime

Answer 58

crime committed by people of higher sociological status in connection with their work for personal gain (embezzlement)

Question 59

Corporate crime

Answer 59

form of white collar crim in which people commit crimes for benefit of the company