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soci 101 final Flashcards

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1
Q

Fordism

A

Organizations system based up:
1. Standardization
2. Specialized equipment, assembly lines, semi- and unskilled labor
3. A growth machine based upon mass production and mass consumption
4. Management and labor accord; increased wages in exchange for oppressive and repressive work

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2
Q

Families as a Unit of Consumption

A

Buying the newest goods to solidify the good provider role

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3
Q

Max Weber and Power

A

· Weber argues that power is the ability to exercise one’s
will over others
· This is accomplished through authority; the Acceptance
by people to follow specific procedures
· Traditional: legitimized through long standing custom(s)
· Charismatic: based on dynamic personality and personal
qualities
· Legal-Rational: Authority resides in the office and not in
the person

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3
Q

Generalized Reciprocity (Swyers)

A

Exchanges with others without the expectation of immediate return

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3
Q

Credentialism

A
  • The overemphasis on a credential (college degree) to
    indicate qualification or status
  • The credential does not necessarily correspond to an
    equal increase in job requirements
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3
Q

Geeksploitation

A

Taking advantage of no-collar employees who desired creative-work, friendly workplaces, and the sharing of knowledge

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3
Q

Iron Cage of Bureaucracy

A

Excessive rationality of the system leads to following the system to meet the ends and justify the system

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4
Q

Social Capital

A

The relationships, norms, and trust between individuals that facilitate action in others

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5
Q

Durkheim-Sacred vs. Profane

A

Sacred: spaces and practices that are considered extraordinary and special. These tend to bring about unity within groups

Profane: That which is mundane and ordinary. Tend to be individual, not group, concerns

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6
Q

Frederick Winslow Taylor (Taylorism)

A

Time motion studies to find the most efficient method to complete a task

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7
Q

Nuclear Family

A

The familial form consisting of two parents and children

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8
Q

Wedding Industrial Complex

A
  • Chrys Ingraham argues that marriage is promoted by
    financial interests
  • Increased markets = increased profits
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9
Q

Prescriptive Structure

A

Clear-cut rules as to who holds which position and how much power they have within the group

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10
Q

McDonaldization (Ritzer)

A

Rationalized processes begin to expand all aspects of society:
- Efficiency
- Calculability (quantifying everything)
- Predictability (standardization)
- Control (conformity in employees and customers)

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11
Q

Imagined Communities (Benedict Anderson)

A
  • Argues that national identities are imagined communities
    and the result of socio-political constructions
  • The rise of nations after the feudal era required a sense
    of unity
  • Nations are too large for everyone to know, or come into
    contact with, other member os the group (nation)
  • Individuals “imagine” that there is something that binds
    people together; eg. borders, ideas, camaraderie
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12
Q

Propinquity

A

James Bossard found that nearness and repeated interaction influences mate selection

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13
Q

Service Sector Economy

A
  • Economy focused on providing services rather than
    producing goods
  • The service economy is marked by:
    • lower wage jobs
    • Greater employment instability
    • Reduction in benefits
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14
Q

Taking Care (Swyers)

A

Expressing an interest or concern for others (Ex: The Regulars, the team, Wrigley Field)

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15
Q

Industrial Time (Swyers)

A

The rationalization and standardization of society necessary for capitalist economies

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16
Q

Family as a Unit of Production

A
  • Pre and early industrial families worked together to
    provide a sustainable lifestyle
  • Industrialization removes the father from the home
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17
Q

Remarriage as an Incomplete Institution (Cherlin)

A
  • Remarries families face more barriers than first marriage
    families
  • Remarried families are at a greater risk for another
    divorce
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18
Q

Taboo

A

A ban or prohibition of a behavior or utterance imposed by a social group (The Regulars and Cubs announcers consider “the wave” to fall under this definition)

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19
Q

Boundary-less Career

A
  • The gig-economy
    § Advantages:
    • Transient relationships between different employers
    • Portable skilled and flexible opportunity
      § Disadvantages:
    • Lack of stability
    • Possible lack of benefits or intermittent benefits
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20
Q

Max Weber: Types of Authority

A

· Authority: the acceptance by people to follow specific
procedures

· Traditional: Legitimized through long standing custom(s)

· Charismatic: Based on dynamic personality and personal
qualities

· Legal-Rational: authority resides in the office not the
person

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21
Hierarchy
- Ranking of members in social groups by power, influence, and ability - The narratives in the bleachers help to establish hierarchy within the community - Those who know the history tend to be long time members (seniority) - Telling stories that they have experiences marks their time as a member of the community - The most senior member sits in the "death seat"
22
Wealth Work
Jobs that cater to the whims of the wealthy. Predominantly white collar esq. labor
23
Working Poor
Those persons working but still falling below the official poverty line
24
Boundary Maintenance (Swyers)
The ways in which societies and groups maintain distinctions between themselves and others
25
Free Trade
Policies based on open, non-discriminatory, trade, i.e. little to no tariffs and taxes on imports or exports
26
Lynd Study (Middletown)
· Robert and Helen Merrell Lynd studies Middletown to chart the effects of industrialization on communities - Many people knew (at least) the names of the important people in the community - The community valued education but disliked academic learning - Spent much of their free time in non-constructive activities - Political views and sense of individualism remain strong - They concluded that even after economic upheaval, the community remained relatively unchanged - Communities are resilient
27
Arlie Hochschild (Emotional Geography)
The emotional geography of work and family life · Reasons behind the work/life speed-up: - More women entered the workforce after WW2 - Women are now in jobs that are less flexible § The workplace model is still structured around the male as the provider - Over the past decades, both males and females have increased work responsibilities § Promotion and job security is viewed as being linked to being visible in the workplace
28
Homogamy
The tendency to select mates/partners based on similarities
29
Rituals (Swyers)
- Rituals signify membership into a group. Building a sense of belonging - Rituals provide an identity within oneself and others as being part of the community or group
30
Fictive Kin
Social relationships based on friendship, rather than blood or marital connections
31
Semiotics
System of signs that provide meaning and are accepted by members of the group
32
Functionalist View of Family
· Family is the keystone of society · Traditional gender roles are necessary for the proper functioning of the family unit · The nuclear family model (father, mother, children) is the best for contemporary industrial society · Marriage is the only state in which procreation should occur · The weakening on the family structure is the root of many social problems: - Poverty - Juvenile delinquency - Substance abuse - Teen pregnancy - Women in the workplace - Women in the workplace - Adultery · Changes in society are the result of change in the family structure
33
The Second Shift
Referring to house work, childcare, and elder care dis-proportionally done by women
34
No-collar Workers
Workers that seek meaning and satisfaction from their job
35
New (flexible) Economy
Labor response change in the market
36
Gesellschaft (society)
Social relations motivated through Kurville (arbitrary will). Interactions are marked by being indirect, impersonal, and self-interested
37
Feminist View of Family
- Family structures must adapt so to provide a safe and nurturing space for all family members - Changes in the family structure are the result of changes in other social structures: economy, education, workplace, etc... - Social problems are not a direct result of changes in the family form
38
Performative Structure
Structure created through accepting roles and establishing rules; no formal coordination
39
Collective Effervescence
A feeling of belonging through collective ritual action; Durkheim argues that this is necessary for creating a sense of social cohesionPo
40
Positive Rites
- Actions that are expected to be performed and carried out by members of the group or society - Positive Rites offer a sense of agency over actions that are beyond the control of the individual(s) and the group - "success" reinforces the practices of the group
41
Cult of Domesticity
The beliefs that true womanhood centers on child rearing and domestic duties
42
Underemployment
Not working the desired amount of time (hours) or work that does not utilize one's full abilities or skills
43
Serial Monogamy
The practice of an individual marrying several times but only after each prior marriage has ended in death or divorce
44
Negative Rites
- Actions that are considered taboo by the group or society and should be voided - Violation of a Negative Rite is taboo. A practice that goes against the beliefs and norms of the group
45
Emotional Cultures
The rituals and practices that become sacred and special for one's self and group
46
Gemeinschaft (community)
Social groupings motivated by Wesenwille (essential will) between members. Personal relationships that were founded on traditional rules, natural emotions, and sentiments
47
Superstition
Engaging in behaviors in response to events and situation that are not open to their own human agency
48
Marriage Markets
Spaces and populations for finding potential partners and mates
49
Invisible Labor
The unseen and unpaid work that is put in to maintain the family
50
Narrative
The creation of meaning through stories that define our lives
51
Off-Shoring
The decision to move pat, or all, of a company's operations overseas so to minimize costs
52
Sandwich Generation
The generation that is caring for both their children and their aging parents
53
Footing (Swyers)
- The interactions, gestures, AND the implicit understanding of the relationships of all people in the community, group, and society - The framework that allows individuals to understand the situation - Footing is necessary to the ritual and group cohesion
54
Globalization
The interaction of economies, societies, and cultures on a global scale
55
World Systems Theory
Core Countries: wealthy, militarily strong, and hold significant social power and colonial power Peripheral Countries: poor, have exploitable resources, and do not possess great social stability or government Semi-peripheral Countries: some of the characteristics of core and peripheral countries External Areas: countries or regions that fall outside of the scope of the World Systems Theory
56
Outsourcing
Contracting out, or doing jobs elsewhere, that were done in house
57
Shunning
A social control mechanism in close-knit groups used to punish individuals who serious violate the rules of the group
58
Boomerang Generation
Young adults returning home to live with parents out of college - Lack of job opportunities - Accumulated debt - Housing issues/cost of rent
59
Fair Trade
Trade agreements that seek equity in the international markets. Policies that promote decent working conditions and "fair prices for farmers/workers"
60
Bureaucracy (Max Weber)
· Bureaucracy (rationality) constrains our freedoms · Modern societies are more complex and rational · The bureaucracy is the best for operating large organizations · The bureaucracy relies on: - Strict rules and regulations - Promotion based upon merit - Decision without emotion - Power residing in the office and not the person
61
Post-industrial Economy
· The service economy: - Economy focused on providing services rather than producing goods · The service economy is marked by: - Lower wage jobs - Greater employment stability - Reduction in benefits
62
Pink Collar Workers
Jobs that are predominantly held by women and usually compensated at lower rates than are jobs held by men
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