1
Q
3 sociological approaches
A
- Structural Functional
- Symbolic-interaction
- Social Conflict
2
Q
Structural functional approach
A
- Society is a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain balance/stability
- Each part of society plays a role (whether functional or dysfunctional)
- Manifest + Latent Functions
3
Q
Pros + Cons and Structural Functionalism
A
Pros: insight to how society maintains order through shared values
Cons: Understates role of power + conflict
4
Q
Manifest functions
A
Intended + recognized consequences of an aspect of society
5
Q
Latent functions
A
Unintended and unrecognized consequences of an aspect of society
6
Q
Emile Durkheim
A
- Modern age (Machine age)
- a sociology daddy
- believed in functionalism + scientific method (positivism)
- collective conscience of values, norms and beliefs
- Social trends are social facts that exist independently of the individuals who make them up
- If sociology limited itself to the study of social facts it could be more objective
7
Q
Symbolic interaction
A
- People create the reality they experience in day to day interactions
- society as an ongoing production from everyday interactions of individuals
- Human behavior is influenced by definitions + meaning that are created through symbolic interaction with others (we rely on symbolic meaning
- Individuals make change - negotiating, manipulating, changing society through daily actions
8
Q
Pros + cons of symbolic interaction
A
Pros:
- Shows how people make sense of their surroundings
- gives insight into small-scale human interactions
- recognizes that perceptions of reality are variable
- doesn’t see humans as passive conforming objects of socialization (sees them as active + creative participants)
Cons
- not applicable to large-scale social structures (downplays larger social forces)
- Difficult to quantify (deals with subjective interpretations)
- overestimates human ability to create own realties (inhabiting a world we didn’t make)
- symbols may be interpreted differently among groups
9
Q
George Herbert Mead
A
- modern age (machine age)
- believed in symbolic interactionism
- seeking meaning, allowing for imagining of others intentions
- exchange of symbols
- “theory of the social self” as a theory of socialization
10
Q
Social conflict theory
A
- society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for resources + power
- people pursue interests in conflict with others
- social order is the result of domination
- Society is a system of social inequalities
- social change comes through conflict
11
Q
pros + cons of social conflict theory
A
Pros
- Recognizes the role of power + inequality in maintaining social order (seeking moral ends)
- recognizes that change happens (unlike functionalism)
- propose solutions for social problems
- unmasks universalist rhetoric (one group taking power justifying it on grounds of “freedom for all”)
Cons
- assumes that pretty much all conflict is about money, resources + power (when it’s sometimes just general disagreements)
- proposals for change not always definite
- Assumes that human nature is good by corrupted by civilization
- neglects role of cohesion in social stability
12
Q
Max Weber
A
- Modern era (machine era)
- conflict theory
- theorized that service workers high income stabalized society
- pessimistic about modernization
13
Q
Karl Marx
A
- born at end of enlightenment
- part of modern era (industrial + machine age)
- conflict theorist
- wanted to create workers revolution
- get rid of bureaucracy (treat everyone same)
14
Q
Feminist theory
A
Society as a system of male domination
- seeking equality for men + women
15
Q
Sociological Imagination
A
- Mindset to allow people to see how their individual lives are impacted by broader social structures (connection between self + wider society)
- seeing strange in familiar, seeing general in particular
16
Q
Pros of sociological imagination
A
- help us make sense of struggles (seeing social roots, ubiquitousness of problems, understanding certain demographics more at risk)
- people aren’t alone in their troubles
- takes away some individual responsibility for social issues
- encourages individuals to take more action in changing public policies
17
Q
Questions to ask using sociological imagination
A
- What is the structure of particular society (parts + their relations)
- who does it work and not work for - What is this societies place within development of humanity as a whole
- What varieties of men + women are coming to prevail
18
Q
Positivist Sociology
A
- Structural-functional
- society is an orderly system
- an objective reality is “out there”
- science + numbers (observing behavior through gathering empirical, quantitate date)
- knowledge based on positive facts instead of speculation
- Researcher is neutral
19
Q
Interpretive Sociology
A
- Symbolic-interaction
- society is ongoing interaction
- understanding how humans attach meaning to behavior to construct reality
- Focus on subjective meaning and sense people make of their world (qualitative data)
- Researcher is participant
20
Q
Critical Sociology
A
- Social conflict
- Social is patterns of inequality (some categories dominate)
- Actively seeking to change inequalities
- Goes beyond studying world as it is, but as it can be
- Research is social activist guided by politics
20
Q
Critical Sociology
A
- Social conflict
- Social is patterns of inequality (some categories dominate)
- Actively seeking to change inequalities
- Goes beyond studying world as it is, but as it can be
- Research is social activist guided by politics
21
Q
4 different research methods
A
Experiment, Survey, Participant Observation, Existing sources
22
Q
Research method: Experiment
A
- to specify relationship between variables (explanatory)
- quantitative data
23
Q
Pros + Cons of Research method: Experiment
A
pros
- greatest opportunity to specify cause + effect relationships
- easy to replicate research
cons
- artificial lab settings
- results may be biased if environment isn’t carefully controlled
24
Research method: Survey
- gathering info about unobservable qualities - ie. values/beliefs
- useful for descriptive + explanatory research
- quantitative or qualitative data
25
Pros + Cons of Research method: Survey
Pros
- can survey large populations
- in depth responses
Cons
- time consuming (carefully prepared questions) + expensive
- may yield low return rate
26
Research Method: Participant Observation
- study of people in a natural setting (exploratory + descriptive)
- qualitative data
27
Pros and Cons of Research Method: Participant Observation
Pros
- Inexpensive
- study of natural behavior
Cons
- Time consuming
- replication of research difficult
- must maintain balance of participant + observer roles
28
Research Method: Existing sources
- Exploratory, descriptive or explanatory research whenever suitable data are available
29
pros + cons of Research Method: Existing sources
Pros
- saves time + expense of collecting data
- allows for historical research
Cons
- no control over biases in data
- data may not fit all research needs
30
When did middle class emerge
Industrial/scientific revolution 1750-1850 (creation of more jobs)
also victorian era 1830-1900
31
Primary group
- personally orientated
- long term
- end in themselves (something that one does because one wants to and not because it will help accomplish something else)
32
Secondary Group
- goal orientated
- variable (short term)
- means to an end
- narrow range of activities performed
- ie. co-workers
33
2 types of leadership ROLES
Instrumental + Expressive
34
Instrumental leadership
making goals, completing tasks
35
Expressive leadership
Minimizing conflict, raising morale
36
3 leadership STYLES
Authoritarian, Democratic, Laissez faire
37
Authoritarian leadership
- making decisions individually
- make sure everyone obeys rules
38
Democratic Leadership
- inclusive of all ideas + perspectives
39
Laissez-faire (leave it alone) Leadership
- group of passionate, smart + independent workers
- self directed work
40
3 types of formal organizations
Utilitarian, normative, coercive
41
Utilitarian organization
One that pays people for efforts
42
Normative organization
one joined voluntarily to pursue a worthwhile goal
- popular among wealthy, left leaning, young homies
43
Coercive organization
One joined involuntarily for a change in behavior
44
Bureaucracy
Organizational model designed to perform tasks efficiently
45
Efficiency of Bureaucracy (6 things)
1. Specialization
2. Hierarchy of positions
3. rules + regulations
4. (hiring based on) technical competence
5. impersonality
6. formal communication
46
Problems of Bureaucracy (4 things)
1. Alienation
- reduction of clients + workers to small cog in ceaselessly moving system
2. Inefficiency + ritualism
- unresponsive, inaccessibility
- Bureaucratic ritualism - focusing on rules but it undermines goals of organization
3. Inertia
- Organization taking life of its own beyond original objectives
4. Oligarchy
- rule of the many by the few (those in power to abuse power)
47
Characteristics of Modernization (5 things)
1. Decline of traditional communities
2. expansion of personal choice
3. increasing social diversity
4. Orientation towards future
5. Increasing awareness of time
48
Ferdinand Tonnies on Modernization
Loss of Community (living among strangers)
- Gemeinschaft (community): United in spite of separating factors
- Gesellschaft (association on basis of self-interest): Separated in spite of uniting factors
- Industrial Revolution weakened social fabric of family/tradition (efficiency, facts and money)
- Tonnies born post S/I revolution
49
Emile Durkheim on Modernization
- Division of Labor
- increase in job specialization
- Mechanical solidarity (doing the same work, belonging together)
- Organic solidarity (dependency b/w people in specialized work)
- Modern society is “organic” + traditional societies societies are “mechanical” because they are so regimented
- Modernization being a change from (not loss of) community based on bonds of like-ness to community based on economic interdependence (labor)
50
Max Weber on Modernization
- Rationalization
- Rational thinking gets in way of asking questions abt human existence
- tradition acts as brake on social change
- Modern people have little respect for the past, find truth in rational calculation
- Regulations (ie from bureaucracy) to create human disconnection
- Modern society as an iron cage of bureaucracy
51
Karl Marx on Modernization
- Capitalism (all claims being triggered by + occurring within it)
- Tonnies - Capitalism draws population away from farms to cities
- Durkehim - specialization needed for efficient factories
- Weber - retionality seen in capitalist pursuit of profit
-Egalitarian socialist society - no social classes or explotation
- creativity, community + human freedom
- Capitalism puts some people on top + promotes exploitation and destroys creativity
- Utopian communism
52
Social changes from enlightenment (4 things)
1685-1815
1. Economic
- factories/mass production (increase of jobs)
2. Urban growth
3. Political change
4. New thinking
- inequality isn't natural
- human rights
- society as a thing that can be studied
- less importance of religion (running society based on rules + empirically based ideas)
- birth of bureaucracy (centralizing governmental power)
53
Jean Condorcet
- Industrial revolution
- pro abolition + women's suffrage
- development of social welfare policies (free education, healthcare, minimum wage)
54
Who coined the phrase "sociological imagination"?
C Wright Mills
55
Who coined the phrase "sociology"?
August Comte
- sociology meaning the science of society
56
3 types of women's gender ideology
1. Traditional
- Women wants to identify with home activities and wants husband to identify with work activities
2. Egalitarian
- Equal power + orientation to home and careers
3. Transitional
- Woman wants to identify with home + work but wants husband to base more identity in work than her
57
Nuclear/conjugal family
- based on marriage
- education opportunities only given to men (therefore breadwinner)
- women --> child rearing
- 1 or 2 parents and children
- smaller growth in extended families (don't need to live with grandma)
- monogamy
- privatisation of home with increase of factories
- as the cultural standard yikes
- isn't universal or natural
- family form related to dominant economic + cultural beliefs of the time
58
Endogamy
marriage in same social category
59
Exogamy
marriage between different social categories
- builds alliances, encourages spread/connection of culture
60
monagamy
marriage of 2 partners
61
Polygamy
marriage between more than 2 spouses
62
Polgyny
1 man 2 or more women in marriage
- may increase the number of single males who can’t find wives which may lead to potentially bigger social problems (ie. sexual assault)
63
Polyandry
1 woman 2 or more men in marriage
- Mountainous tibet where agriculture is difficult and division of land according to monogamous marriages would mean too small parcels of land to support a family
64
Patrilocality
Married couple lives with/near husbands family
65
Matrilocality
Couple lives with/near wifes family
- north american iroquois
66
neolocality
couple lives apart from both sets of parents
67
Descent
system used to trace kinship over generations
68
Patrilineal descent
Tracing kinship through men
69
Matrilineal descent
tracing kinship through women
70
Bilateral descent
tracing kinship through men + women
71
Structural functional theory of family
Family as backbone of society (performing many vital tasks)
- socialization/child rearing
- regulation of sexual activity (incest laws)
- Social placement (maintains social organization)
- Emotional + material security
72
Incest laws
higher odds of damage + little genetic diversity for within family repr.
- confuses kinship ties
Law:
- limits sexual competition in families
- ties larger society together
73
Social-conflict theory of family
- family perpetuates social inequality (handing down wealth from gen to gen)
- property and inheritance (men reproducing class structure, obtaining heirs, concentrating wealth)
- patriarchy (controlling women's sexuality to obtain heirs, women responsible for child rearing + housework)
- race + ethnicity persist because people marry others like themselves
74
Symbolic interaction theory of family
- micro level
- intimacy (sharing fear)
- building bonds + trust through sharing activities
- reality of family life made in their interactions
75
Social exchange theory of family
- micro level
- courtship + marriage as forms of negotiation (bringing together or people who offer same level of advantages)
- shopping around to make best deal
76
Arranged marriages
Alliances between 2 families fo similar social status
- exchange of wealth (+ children)
- younger the bride, smaller the dowry paid to grooms family + no question about virginity (raising value on marriage market)
- children raised to be culturally compatible
- lower divorce rates (than canada where marriage is more based on love rather than cultural traditions/social + economic considerations
77
Homogamy
Marriage between people with same social characteristics
78
When + why did kids become a liability (economically)
Industrial revolution
- pre industrialization kids were an asset + payed off because they provided labour
79
Do high-income nations have smaller or bigger families? Why?
Smaller
- women have more alternatives to being a mom
- better sex education
80
Latchkey kids
kids who fend for themselves after school
81
Why do women outlive male spouses?
1. greater life expectancy
2. women tend to marry older men
82
What people hope for in marriage is linked to their social class
tru dat
83
What demographic makes up for largest proportion of foster care in Canada?
Indigenous kids
84
Colonialism effects on family (2)
- Language policy made kids culturally dislocated (couldn't communicate with family)
- abuse/trauma affects ability to parents for survivors
85
Recent shift to prioritizing the economic class of immigrants over the family class
Raising the minimum qualifying earning requirements
Tru dat
86
Monster homes
very problematic reference to large houses of visible minority families
87
Who is more likely to endorse intermarriage - Canada or USA?
Canada
88
mental health of marriage men vs women (compared to singles)
Men - live longer + are happier
Women - poor mental health, less happy
89
Who's most likely to get divorced?
- Young couples
- Unexpected pregnancy
- Substance abuse problems
- Non-religious people
- Children of divorced parents
- Non-post-secondary attendees
- Places where more social change occurs
90
Why are more people getting divorced
- its really easy to do it (legally)
- more socially acceptable
- stressful (esp with kids)
- individualism (emphasis on personal happiness)
- women less dependent on men
- fading of romantic love
91
Alimony
Court ordered child support
92
2 examples for men getting away with sexual assault
1. women were mens property (rape legally impossible within marriage)
2. Domestic violence seen as a private family matter
93
Most child abusers are male
- abused when they were kids
- violent behavior in close relationship is learned
94
Ectogenesis
- joining of sperm + egg in a glass (implanted in woman's body)
- raises ethical questions
95
Future of family
- still high divorce rate
- more diverse family life (cohabitation, single parent, queer parents)
- weakening child-father ties (higher rate of single motherhood)
- increased risk of poverty
- economic change (parents + full work schedule, young people not feeling economically secure to marry)
96
Blended families
or a stepfamily - partners make a life together with the children from one or both of their previous relationships
97
Cohabitation
living together and having a sexual relationship without being married
98
Mary Wollstonecraft
Family structure causes discrimination
99
Harriet Martineau
First female sociologist
- society operates according to natural laws (understood through science + education)
100
Pronatalist society
pro having kids
- wats wrong with you if you dont like
101
Large families in pre industrial/scientific revolution times
- kids for labour
-infant mortality rate (before science could slay)
102
Middle class values in Victorian era
- privacy and space
- buying a nice suburban home (1950)
103
Womens role in hunter gatherer society
Economic breadwinners
104
Family trends in 1950s
- marrying young
- low divorce rates (though many wanted it)
- more kids
- single income source
- close connections with extended family
- increased work for women (alcohol abuse, less servants)
- women being depressed after being culturally subordinated after the war - miltown first antidepressants
- high teen pregnancy
105
Negative of self reported study
Easy to inflate numbers
106
Share control (in parent-adult kid relationship)
learning to live together as adult kids + parents
107
personal control (in parent-adult kid relationship)
Kids say "I'm an adult so I'm not going to do it"
108
Parental control (in parent-adult kid relationship)
parents say "my house my rules"
109
Divorce act of 1968
Divorce on grounds of Adultery, desertion (husband packs up and leaves), 3 year separation (divorce granted afterwards)
110
Revised divorce act of 1985 (no fault divorce)
Adultery, desertion, 1 year separation, physical/mental cruelty
111
Jesse Bernard
Gender line - domestic division of labour harms women (giving them double duty - career + family)
112
Boomerang kids
leaving home to go to school + then economic drawbacks resulting in returning back home
113
Socialization
lifelong experiences of people that allow them to develop their abilities, interests, learn culture + grow into effective citizens
- need social experience to develop personality
114
Personality
Consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting
- referred to as 'self' or citizen' in sociology (requiring awareness of other populations)
115
Whether you develop your inherited potential doesn't depend on how you are raised
fals dat
116
Researchers are permitted to place people in total isolation to study what happens
noope
117
Sigmund Freud Theory of Socialization: Elements of Personality
Combines basic needs + influence of society into model of personality with 3 parts - Id, ego + superego
- human beings torn by opposing forces of biology + culture
- 2 basic human drives: life instinct (bonding) + death instinct (adrenaline junkies)
- learning to feel good or bad by judging their behavior against cultural norms
118
Id
Unconscious basic drives demanding immediate satisfaction
- hedonistic
119
Ego
Want you to get what you want in a socially acceptable way (works for id)
- appeals to cultural views
- conscious efforts to balance pleasure seeking drives with demands of society (balance of id + superego)
- we can't have everything we want
120
Superego
tells us why we can't have everything we want
- moral conscience (from cultural values + norms internalized due to socialization)
121
Jean Piaget Theory of Socialization: Cognitive Development
Socialization is combination of biological maturation + social experience
- 4 stages
- Sensorimotor stage
- Preoperational stage
- Concrete operational stage
- Formal operational stage
122
4 stages of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor stage (first 2 years of life): experiencing only through senses
2. Preoperational stage (2-6): imagination, symbols, language
3. Concrete operational stage (7-11): Seeing connections, understanding how + why things happen
4. Formal operational stage (12): Thinking critically + understanding metaphors (30% of NA don't reach)
123
Lawrence Kohlberg Theory of Socialization: Theory of Moral Development
Development of how we perceive right and wrong (moral reasoning)
- Preconventional level - right is what feels good to me
- Conventional level (teen years) - right and wrong in terms of what others
- Postconventional level - considering abstract ethical principles
124
Carol Gilligan’s Theory of Socialization: Gender and Moral Development
Role of gender in socialization (different standards of rightness)
Girls - care + responsibility
Boys - justice (rules, logic)
125
George Herbet Mead Theory of Socialization: The social self
Self - self-awareness/image develops b/c of social experience
- Personality not present at birth
- Social experience - Finding meaning in actions
- Imagining of other’s intentions (taking on role of other)
- What we think of ourselves depends on how we think others see us
- The I and The Me (I - initiating subject and Me - objective object)
- imitation to play to games to recognizing generalized other
126
Erik H Erikson theory of socialization: Eight Stages of Development
Challenges faced at each stage of life
Stage 1: Infancy - trust vs mistrust
Stage 2: Toddlerhood - autonomy vs doubt + shame
Stage 3: Preschool - initiative vs guilt
Stage 4: Preadolescence - industriousness vs inferiority
Stage 5: Adolescence - gaining identity vs confusion
Stage 6: Young adulthood - intimacy vs isolation
- Balancing need to bond and need to have separate identity
Stage 7: Middle adulthood - making a difference vs self absorption
Stage 8: Old age - integrity vs despair (reflecting on life)
127
Agents of Socialization
- Family
- Race, ethnicity + class
- School
- Peer group (people you have things in common with)
- Mass + Social Media
128
Those in lower-income families often get independent + imaginative jobs
false
129
Cultural capital
Objects, values, knowledge acquired by members of elite culture
130
Anticipatory socialization
Learning (behaviors) that helps achieve a desired position
131
Adolesence period is the same across all social backgrounds
False
- extended for wealthier class: stretching of adolescence because of post secondary
132
Men are the ones who tend to return to school and seek new careers once kids don't need need attention
False - women do this
- husbands get more immersed in work
133
Gerontology
Study of aging/the elderly
134
Gerontology
Study of aging/the elderly
135
Centernarians
Seniors over 100 years
136
fastest growing age category is 60-64 year olds
tru dat
137
Compare and contrast views of old people in low-income vs industrialized countries
Culture shapes how we understand growing old
● Low income countries - old people have respect and influence
● Industrialized countries - more prestige to younger people
○ Corporate executives are getting younger
○ Typically live apart from grown children
○ Ageism
○ Boredom + loss of sense of self-worth
138
18 and under age category are the most baller
False
they are most at risk of poverty
139
18 and under age category are the most baller
False
they are most at risk of poverty
140
5 stages of dealing with (one's or another's) death
■ Denial (culture tends to ignore reality of death)
■ Anger (sees death as gross injustice)
■ Negotiation (possibility of avoiding death)
■ Resignation (accompanied by psychological depression)
■ Acceptance (making the most out of remaining time)
141
5 stages of dealing with (one's or another's) death
■ Denial (culture tends to ignore reality of death)
■ Anger (sees death as gross injustice)
■ Negotiation (possibility of avoiding death)
■ Resignation (accompanied by psychological depression)
■ Acceptance (making the most out of remaining time)
142
There is a current trend of more openness around discussing death
Tru dat
- legal + financial planning
143
Cohort
Category of people with something in common (usually age)
144
Age plays no part in unique exposure to and acceptance of trends and values
False
Millennials grew up in economic uncertainty so less confident about
future whereas baby boomers grew up in econ. expansion; optimism
145
Total institution
- isolation from rest of society
- manipulated by staff
- resocialization - radically altering personality by controlling environment
- stripping away former identity
- involuntary (prison) or voluntary (army/rehab)
146
Key elements of a total institution (4 things)
- supervision by staff of all aspects of daily life
- life is controlled + standardized
- rules to dictate performance of routines
- dependency on external direction
147
5 types of (total) institutions
1. Care of harmless members (retirement homes)
2. Care for the unintended threateners (psychiatric wards)
3. Protection of community against intended threateners (jail)
4. Pursuit of instrumental tasks (boarding schools, army)
5. Pursuit of normative tasks (religious monasteries)
148
2 parts of resocialization process
1. Breaking down of existing identity
2. Building of new self (through incentives)
149
Erving Goffman
Presentation of self guy
150
Tact
helping someone save face
151
Cultures role in emotions
■ what triggers an emotion
■ rules of display of emotions
■ how we value emotions
152
emotional labour
suppressing feelings in accordance with organizational rules (flight attendant smiling)
153
emotion management
constructing emotions as part of everyday reality
154
Language mirrors and perpetuates social attitudes
Tru dat
■ Hysterical - emotionally out of control (‘hystera’ meaning uterus)
■ Virtuous - morally worthy (‘vir’ meaning man)
■ Master vs mistress
■ Dame vs Lord
155
Humour
●social construction of reality as people create
and contrast two different realities (one conventional, one unconventional)
● contradictions and double meanings
155
Humour often walks a fine line between what is funny and offensive
tru dat
156
functions of humour
■ Discuss sensitive topic without appearing to be
serious (as an excuse if u say smt controversial)
■ Mental escape
● Get back at people in more advantage positions (more POC comedians)
■ Assert our freedom + are never prisoners of reality
■ masking conflict
157
Sociobiology
Study of how biology affects social behavior
- stems from biological determinism
158
Gives vs gives off
Gives - things we say: our verbal signs.
Gives off - expression being performed for reasons other than info given (body language)
159
division of impressions received
verbal assertions - easy for individual to manipulate
expressions - individual has little control over
160
Others are more likely to check up on controllable aspects of impression management
tru dat
161
We're better at manipulating our own behaviour than we are at gaging an individual's effort at calculated unintentionally
false (reverse)
162
Impression management (general)
- Impressions must be received with tact exertion
- using humour and stories to make embarrassments feel less severe
- Maintaining societal cohesion + flow
- For a performance to be believed gives and gives off should be even
- Conscious and unconscious revealing of information
163
Dramaturgical analysis
study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance
164
When an actor takes on an established social role they get to define that role
false
When an actor takes on an established social role a particular front has already been established
for it
165
traits we're born with (ie. social class)
ascribed traits
166
traits attained based on merit or effort
achieved traits
167
education includes what is learned in the home
tru dat
168
Durkheim on education
Collective conscience
- schools need to train people for life in broader society
169
School
formal instruction by specially trained teachings
170
School
formal instruction by specially trained teachings
171
Structural functional theory of education
- Socialization (expanded set of values + people)
- strong/warm ties (family) + weak/cold ties (other)
- Technical Training
- Cultural transmission (Work hard, be fair)
- Social Integration (get along with others)/placement
- Social placement (where do I belong in society)
172
Manifest functions of school
- teaching kids to read + write
- preparation for university life
173
Latent functions of school
- daycare
- delay entry into workforce
- support system for students (socializing venue)
- invisible socialization (how to act)
- generation gap creation
- reproducing existing social class system
- extends capitalist order
174
what percent of world can't read or write
about 15%
175
what percent of children in lower-income countries never get to school?
25%
176
Patriarchy in india
- Economic cost of raising a girl - provision of dowry, daughters work benefits husbands family (not her’s)
- Less reason to invest in schooling of girls
177
Japan has a very high rate of college attendees
False
Highly competitive + brutal examinations (similar to SATs) must be sat through and few can do well
178
____ was among the first countries to set a goal of mass education
USA
○ Mandatory education laws (attending school until 16 or complete of 8th grade)
179
Progressive education
● Stress on practical learning - knowledge preparing people for future jobs
○ relevant to life learning
180
What percentage of Canadians (25-64) have bachelors degree
30%
181
Women restricted from public teaching until second half of 20th century
False
second half of 19th century
182
Curriculum process in Canada
● Province has department of education that determines funding + curriculum guidelines
○ Local level/school boards implement standards
183
Symbolic- Interaction theory of education
- Recognizes variation of student/teacher behavior
- how teachers define students (how students think of themselves)
- building of stereotypes
- People who expect others to act in certain way encourage that behavior
184
Social-conflict theory of education
- social control (hidden curriculum of assimilation)
- career hierarchy (separating kids early on)
- privilege to personal merit
- competition better than cooperation
- schooling maintains social inequality
- standardized testing
- assessments reflect dominant culture
- tracking
- Standardized tests assign students to different types of educational programs (guess who gets higher tracks)
185
Critical Pedagogy
- Theory of learning
- Asking 'why are we taught what we're taught'
186
Hidden curriculum
subtle presentations or underlying reinforcement of
dominant political/cultural ideas in classroom
187
Most canadian students attend private schools
false
6% do
- climbing b/c of growing dissatisfaction with public education quality
188
Most canadian students attend private schools
false
6% do
- climbing b/c of growing dissatisfaction with public education quality
189
What province has highest proportion of Apprenticeship certificate holders
Quebec
190
what province has highest proportion of uni degree holders
Ontario
191
about 30% of canadians take gaps years after high school
192
Canadian-born people are getting more education than new immigrants
false
193
OECD countries average post secondary rate
32% - canada at 53%
194
When economy slumps so does college enrolment
false
she goes up honey
195
Priority of community college vs university teachers
Community college - teaching
- students get more attention
- teaching of career skills/knowledge
University - research
196
students from lower income households more score higher than students from higher income families?
false
197
How to decrease bureaucracy in school
1. get rid of numerical ratings
2. well rounded teachers
3. get rid of rigid schedules/uniformity
4. graduation based on learning not years spent at school
5. increase individual responsibility
198
demographics most likely to drop out of highschool
1. males
2. LGBTQ
3. Indigenous youth
199
Inflation of grades
- rise of the mediocre
- jobs requiring higher level of education (credential inflation)
- awarding of higher grades for average work
- teachers in HS pressured to get students to go to uni (give higher grades)
200
Charter schools
public schools that are given more freedom to try specific programs
201
Home schooling
- takes affluent parents out of system
- origin: parents wanting to give children strong religious upbringing
- now: families don't think public schools are slaying
202
Homeschooled kids outperform those in school
tru dat
203
Who's most likely to return to school?
1. older people
2. people with higher level of education
3. higher class people
204
There are currently too few teachers
false
- teacher surplus
205
aims of education (2)
- social control in rapidly changing economic order
- equalizing opportunity
- spreads people evenly to different roles (not based on class)
206
2 tiers of jefferson education plan
1. Labouring
2. Learned
207
Annette Lareau on concerted cultivation
- entitlement of kids
- want kids to be confident + strong
208
Annette Lareau on middle class children
- learning to stand up for themselves by 4th grade
- entitlement to challenge authority
209
Annette Lareau on working class children
- distrust + constraint
- submission to authority figures
210
Self socialization
Choice - ie. choosing to imitate mom instead of dad
211
Unrecognized socialization
just kinda happens
ie. sense of what it means to be older
212
Self harm has increased among teen girls over last 3 years
true
213
Education as something done for the poor
Give poor equal opportunity to chase their dreams and fly
214
Education as something done TO the poor
problematic
- social control (know ur place)
215
Does education (particularly secondary) generally produce well rounded citizens?
Nope
Emphasis on speciality - not encouraging of well rounded citizen
216
Streaming (or tracking) in education
- assigning students to different types of programs
- Self-fulfilling prophecy (expecting someone to act someway makes them act that way)
- reproduction of class structure
217
Problematic bit about standardized testing
- there is a right way to demonstrate knowledge
218
Credentialism (Randall Collins)
evaluating people on basis of their certifications
219
What does a degree say about you
- membership in specific population
- social standing
- access/barrier to labour market
- better impression management (job skills)
220
Paul Willis on education
○ Why are students rebelling
○ Why is getting a job seen as better than getting an education
221
Reasons for high school drop outs
1. not to do with resources
2. culture (norms, values)
3. functional illiteracy + innumeracy
- stopouts (going back to get GED)
222
Sociology
scientific study of human society + social behavior
223
Social forces
human created things that pressure people to act in a certain way
224
Social structure
organization of a society + people's interaction within
225
Elements of social structure
Groups, organizations, social institutions, culture
226
Social groups
people you interact with regularly
227
organizations
groups of people working interdependently toward some purpose
228
Social institutions
Structures of society that fulfill needs of it ie. family
229
culture
beliefs + traditions of specific people group
230
WEB Dubois
1st black person to earn PhD from harvard
- encourage black people to resist systems of segregation + discrimination
231
double consciousness (Du Bois)
two behavioral scripts: moving through the world and incorporating external opinions of prejudiced onlookers
232
breaching experiements
- social situations that intentionally break social norms
233
Population generalization
findings from one group inform us about one thats larger
234
Moderating variable
changes nature of relationship between 2 other variables
235
mediating variable
explains relationship between two other variables
236
Higher rates of suicide for:
- non religious people (or protestants who aren't very community oriented)
- wealthy people
- unmarried
- weak social ties (freedom weakens)
237
Instability and change perpetuate social integration
false
- they inhibit it
238
those with less privilege see individuals as responsible for own lives
false
- those with more privilege do this
- those are margins quickly see inequality
239
Low income countries make up largest proportion of countries in world
false
- make up smallest
- more high income, then middle then low income countries
240
Political change in industrial revolution
shift in focus from people’s moral duties to God and king to the pursuit of self-interest.
241
3 stages of historical development
1. theological stage (beginning to 1350 CE)
2. metaphysical stage
3. scientific stage
242
Theological stage of historical development
people took the religious view that society expressed God’s will
243
Metaphysical stage of historical development (Thomas Hobbes)
society reflected not the perfection of God so much as the failings of a selfish human nature
244
Scientific stage of historical development
- scientific approach—first used to study the physical world—to the study of society
- (modern physics, chemistry, sociology)
245
Macro-level orientation in sociology
broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole (functionalism, conflict)
246
Micro-level orientation
close up focus on social interaction in specific situations (interactionism)
247
Questions to ask in structural functional approach
1. what are major parts of society
2. how are parts linked
3. how is society held together
4. what does each part do to help it work
248
Questions to ask in social conflict approach
1. How does society divide a population
2. How do advantaged people protect their privileges
3. how do disadvantaged people challenge the system
249
Questions to ask in symbolic-interaction approach.
1. how do people experience society
2. how do people shape the reality they experience
3. how do behavior + meaning change from person to person and situation to situation
250
variable
concept whose value changes from case to case
251
reliability
consistency in measurement
252
validity
actually measuring exactly what was intended
253
cause + effect
relationship where change in one variable (independent) causes change in another (dependent)
254
Independent variable
variable that causes the change
255
Dependent variable
variable that changes
256
Spurious correlation
apparent but false relationship between variables
257
How to be sure of real cause + effect relationship (3)
(1) variables are correlated,
(2) the independent (causal) variable occurs before the dependent variable, and
(3) there is no evidence that a third variable has been overlooked, causing a spurious correlation
258
Sociologists are diverse
i wish
- mostly highly educated liberal white people
259
Androcentricity
- focus on the male
- approaching issue from male perspective
260
Gynocentricity
- seeing world from female perspective
261
master status
- status that has special importance for social identity often shaping a person's entire life
262
status
social position that a person holds
263
role
behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status
264
role set
number of roles attached to a single status
265
role strain
tension among roles connected to single status
266
ethnomethodology (Harold Garfinkel)
study of the way people make sense of their everyday surroundings
267
dyad
social group with 2 people
- more intense social interaction
268
network
web of weak social ties
- but powerful resource
269
gender strategy
A person tried to solve problems given the cultural notions of gender at play
- Making a connection between how you think about it, how you feel about it and how you act
ie becoming a super dad
SOCI 101
flashcards
Decks in class (3)
# Cards
