Social Class Differences in Educational Achievement

Question 1

Define material deprivation

Answer 1

-lacking access to essential items
-For children these items include warm winter coats, leisure equipment, and social participation costs, such as attending school trips;

Question 2

Define external factors.

Answer 2

• the factors outside of the school which can negatively influence a pupil’s achievements. For example, material or cultural deprivation can lead to underachievement.

Question 3

State the examples of material deprivation

Answer 3

• Direct effect housing
  -Indirect effect housing
  -Diet - Howard
  -Costs of free schooling

Question 4

Explain the direct effect housing

Answer 4

-individual or families experiencing this may live in a substandard housing condition, which can include overcrowding and the lack of basic amenities like running water and sanitation.

Question 5

Explain the indirect effect housing

Answer 5

-Poor housing can have indirect effects, notably on the child’s health and welfare.
For example, children in crowded homes ? Run a greater risk of accidents

Question 6

Explain what Howard argued about diet.

Answer 6

• how individuals from a lower socio-economic back round will struggle to maintain a healthy diet impacting overall health and wellbeing.
  -this can result an increase of absences for school since they are not enough to study.

Question 7

Families experiencing material deprivation, explain how the cost of free schooling still effects them.

Answer 7

-hidden costs such as uniform, school trips, transportation, school supplies etc.
-Families experiencing material deprivation may struggle to afford these additional expenses - creates barriers to accessing education.

Question 8

What did Callendat and Jackson argue about material deprivation.

Answer 8

• significantly effects educational outcomes ad life chances. They emphasise that children from a low-income back round often face barriers such as inadequate access to resources which can effect their academic performance and overall development.

-Their research highlights how these disadvantages can perpetuate cycles of poverty and inequality, stressing the needs for policies that address these disparities to promote equal opportunities.

Question 9

Define cultural capital

Answer 9

• The social assets of a person (education, intellect, style of speech, style of dress, social capital, etc.) that promote social mobility in a stratified society.

Question 10

Define social capital

Answer 10

-a set of shared values or resources that allows individuals to work together in a group to effectively achieve a common purpose

Question 11

Define economic capital

Answer 11

refers to the material wealth and financial assets owned by individuals or families

Question 12

Define symbolic capital

Answer 12

• resources based on honour prestige and recognition. It encompasses the social status and reputation that can be derived from other forms of capital
  -it is crucial for gaining social power

Question 13

What did Sullivan argue?

Answer 13

• significant in understanding educational inequalities - emphasises how children from different back rounds access and ultilise cultural resources which can impact their academic success and social mobility.

Question 14

What did Gewirtz argue

Answer 14

-educational policies reflect and reinforce social inequalities - emphasises the role in education. it may empower families but can perpetuate existing disparities.
-Depicts how different social groups navigate educational systems .