What does Social Development encompass?
Changes in feeling, interpersonal thought, and behavior across the life span.
What does attachment refer to?
An enduring emotional tie between a child and primary caregiver.
What does attachment involve?
- The desire of child to be close to caregiver.
- A sense of security around the caregiver.
- Feelings of distress when caregiver is absent.
- Interaction between two people who react to each others signals.
What did early attachment theories propose?
That attachment is usually between a mother and child and may reflect feeding.
What did research by Harlow (1959) suggest?
That contact comfort was the crucial element in forming attachment relationships.
What is imprinting?
The tendency of young animals to follow and animal to which they were exposed during a sensitive period.
What did Bowlby argue?
- That attachment resembles imprinting (keep infant close to its caregiver)
- Young are comforted by caregiver and are distressed in its absence.
What is separation anxiety?
- Distress and separation from caregiver.
2. Has a maturational basis, usually begins as infant begins to crawl.
What is the Strange Situation paradigm used to measure?
Assess attachment in children.
What are the four patterns of attachment according to Strange Situation paradigm?
- Secure.
- Avoidant.
- Ambivalent (exhibits anger whilst seeking to be close.
- Disorganized. (gazes away, odd motor movements, dazed facial expression)
What are the three factors in the development of attachment style?
- Biological (increase in norepinephrine NT during separation).
- Environmental (Sensitivity of mother to infant).
- Temperament of the infant (easy, difficult, or slow to warm up).
What are internal working models?
Mental representations of attachment relationships that form the basis for expectations.
How may temperament and experience influence attachment?
The three infant temperaments of easy, difficult, and slow to warm up may mirror secure, ambivalent, and avoidant attachment style.
What is adult attachment style?
The experiencing of attachment relationships in adults.
Can individuals with negative attachment overcome it?
Problems in early childhood have no appreciative impact just make individuals vulnerable.
What is socialization?
The process by which children learn beliefs, values, skills, and behavior patterns of their society.
What are the four parenting styles?
- Authoritarian (high value on obedience and respect for authority).
- Permissive
- Authoritative (set standards and firmly enforce them, however place high value on give and take and the respect of the child’s views).
- Uninvolved.
What is the guidance approach?
Involves parents helping their children to manage their own emotions and learn considerate behaviors.
How is parental acceptance and rejection that varies cross culturally be similar in their efforts.
Parental affection has been found to be related to self-esteem in cross cultural studies.
What are gender roles?
Specify the range of behaviors considered appropriate for men and women in a given society.
How do rejected children differ from neglected children?
- Rejected children are disliked by peers. Are either bullied or bullies.
- Neglected children are neither liked nor disliked, they are ignored. Show better academic performance.
What is a self concept?
An organized view of ourselves or way of representing information about the self.
What is theory of mind?
An implicit set of ideas about the existence of mental states (such as beliefs and feelings) in oneself and others.
What is perspective taking?
The ability to understand other peoples viewpoints.
