Bowlby’s theory of attachment
Infants an adults are biologically predisposed to form attachments
-creates a lifelong schema for social relationships
Gender Constancy
The recognition that your gender is essentially irrevocable
-develops around the ages of 6-7
Gender roles
- Behaviour regarded as appropriate for males and females
- cultural expectations impact on gender identity and roles
Gender Identity
Awareness and acceptance of ones sex
18 months
Socialisation of gender role behaviours
- reinforcement of certain behaviours
- observations of roles (ie on tv)
- Cognitive processes - reasoning about why males and females behave differently
Authoritarian/Autocratic (parenting style)
- demanding
- unresponsive
- power assertive - strict dicipline
- adult-centered
Authoritative-reciprocal
- demanding
- responsive
- parents make appropriate demands on children
- children-focused
- children conform to appropriate rules
- open channels of communication
- foster ability to self regulate
Indulgent/Permissive
- responsive
- undemanding
- apply little discipline
- fail to help children to learn about structure and social rules
Neglecting
- unresponsive
- undemanding
- ignoring, indifferent, uninvolved
- lack of dicipline
x3 processes involved in socialisation
- reinforcement & punishment
- observation & modelling
- cognitive development
Ainsworth’s Strange Situation
Secure attachment: upset when mum leaves, not comforted by a stranger but comforted when she returns (60-70%).
Avoidant attachment: Dont care if mum is present or not. Equally comforted by mum or stranger. When she returns they dont immediately gravitate towards her (15-20%)
Resistant attachment: Stay close to her and become angry when she leaves, some will hit mum when she returns. Do not calm down easily even after she has returned. (5-10%)
Disorganised/disoriented attachment: depresed and have periods of unresponsiveness along with spurts of suden emotion at the end of the procedure.
Predictive ability of Ainsworths strange situation
- types of attachment can have long lasting effects
- secure attachment 11 years later: closer friendships, better social skills than others. More comfortable with exploring –> better learning and can lead to more intimate love relationships
-test have predictive vaildity in childhood but less validity in adulthood
Friends (x7)
- 1 on 1 interaction
- often known person for years
- they know the real you
- support
- deeper connection
- have <6
- expectation that you will be friends for years to come
Cliques (x6)
- people you socialize with
- people you like
- wider group than friends 6-12
- can belong to different cliques
- memberships change over time
- based on similarities
Crowds (x5)
- large
- not much tying them together
- loose membership
- could be together based on geographical reasons
- examples, work place, sports club, sterotype
Benefits of the 3 peer relations
- Ideas - that challenge ideas from family and other friends, will help develop sense of identity
- Diversification
- Develop life skills
- Negotiate with people
- help figure out the kind of people you seek out/relationships
- Learn alot
