Social Development

Question 1

Psychosocial

Answer 1

Changes and continuities in personal and interpersonal aspects

• Encompasses changes in feelings, self concept, interpersonal thought and behaviour across the lifespan
• Critical issues: attachment and its future implication for adult functioning
• Socialisation by parents and peers
• Continues throughout the lifespan

Question 2

Cognitive

Answer 2

• Cognitive: Changes and continuities in perception, language, memory, learning etc

Question 3

Physical

Answer 3

• Physical: The growth of the body and its organs

Question 4

Attachment

Answer 4

• Attachment: Refers to an enduring emotional tie between child and primary caregiver

• Involves desire of the child to be close to the caregiver
• A sense of security around the caregiver
• Feelings of distress when the caregiver is absent
• Interaction between two people who react to each others signals
• Early attachment theories that it was the attachment between a mother and child and may reflect the feeding of the mother and child
• However research by Harlow demonstrated that contact comfort was a crucial element in forming attachment relationships in primates

Question 5

Bowlbys theory of attachment: Phase One

Answer 5

• Phase One Indiscriminate sociability: Responds actively with cries, coos and gazes to promote contact and affection from other people; uses limited attachment behaviour less selectively than when older

Question 6

Bowlbys theory of attachment: Phase Two

Answer 6

• Phase Two Attachments in the making: Increasing preference for individuals that are most responsive and familiar to their needs, tolerates temporary separation from parents, accepts certain forms of care and attention from strangers

Question 7

Bowlbys theory of attachment: Phase Three

Answer 7

• Phase Three: Specific, clear cut attachments: Preference for specific people becomes much stronger

Question 8

Bowlbys theory of attachment: Phase Four

Answer 8

• Phase Four: Goal-coordinated partnerships: Growing ability to understand parental feelings and points of view so adjust behaviour accordingly, able to tolerate short parental absences

Question 9

Secure Attachment

Answer 9

• Secure: Child welcomes mothers’ return and seeks closeness to her (most common)

Question 10

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 10

• Avoidant: Child ignores mother

Question 11

Ambivalent Attachment

Answer 11

• Ambivalent: Child exhibits anger at mother while seeking to be close to her

Question 12

Disorganised Attachment

Answer 12

• Disorganised: Child may approach mother but gaze away, and may show odd motor behaviour and dazed facial expression

Question 13

Attachment across the lifespan

Answer 13

• Security of attachment in infancy predicts a range of behaviours as children age- from self control and peer acceptance to performance in the classroom

Question 14

Socialisation

Answer 14

• Socialisation: Refers to the process by which children learn values, beliefs, skills and behaviour patterns of their society

Question 15

Authoritative parents

Answer 15

Authoritative Parents: Make reasonable, age appropriate demands, promotes self regulation, warm, receptive, rational, verbal give and take, value discipline, self reliance and uniqueness Child: Independent, socially responsible, self controlled, explorative, self reliant

Question 16

Authoritarian parents

Answer 16

Authoritarian: Parents: Exert strict control, critical evaluation of child’s behaviour and attitudes, little verbal give or take, cold, emotionally rejecting, does not promote autonomy Child: Withdrawn, discontented, distrustful of others

Question 17

Permissive parent

Answer 17

Permissive: Parent: Non-controlling, non demanding, little punishment or exercising of power; use of reasoning, warm and accepting Child: Lacking in self reliance and self control

Question 18

Uninvolved parent

Answer 18

Emotionally cold, indifferent, non controlling, parent centred rather than child centred Child: Disruptions of attachment and peer relationships, behavioural problems

Question 19

Ericksons theory on psychosocial development

Answer 19

• Each stage of a persons life characterized by a different psychological crisis- most be resolved before moving onto next stage

Question 20

(Erickson) Stage One Birth-1

Answer 20

Trust vs Mistrust: Focus on oral sensory stage, development of trusting relationships with caregivers

Question 21

(Erickson) Stage Two 1-3

Answer 21

Autonomy vs shame and doubt: Foucs on muscular anal activity; development of bodily functions and activities

Question 22

(Erickson) Stage Three 3-6

Answer 22

Initiative versus guilt: Focus on locomotor- genital activity; testing limits of self assertion and purpose

Question 23

(Erickson) Stage Four 6-12

Answer 23

Industry vs inferiority: focus on mastery, competence and productivity

Question 24

(Erickson) Stage Five 12-19

Answer 24

Identity vs role confusion: focus on identity and coherent self concept

Question 25

(Erickson) Stage Six 19-25

Answer 25

Intimacy vs isolation: Focus on an intimate relationship and career direction

Question 26

(Erickson) Stage Seven 25-50

Answer 26

Generativity vs stagnation: fulfilment through creative, productive, activity that contributes to future generations

Question 27

(Erickson) Stage Eights 50+

Answer 27

Ego integrity vs despair: focus on belief in integrity of life, including success and failures (wisdom)