how many factory workers were there in 1913
6 million
change for the Landed elite
- they lost their control over the Serfs
- they lost large parts of their land
- they had less control over the Tsar
- lots of them moved to own business in cities
continuity for the Landed Elites
- they still had the best parts of the land (woodlands and fertile soil)
- they lived in far better conditions than other parts of society
change for the Middle Class
- there was a growing middle class
- new group of Kulaks who could be included in the middle class
- more skilled professions such as lawyers and doctors
continuity for the Middle Class
still a relatively small part of the population (2%)
change for the peasantry
- they no longer had to answer to the elite
- those on good plots (Kulaks) were able to move up in society
- most had smaller plots of land and found it harder to survive
continuity for the peasantry
- they were still confined to an area
- they still had medieval farming practices (use of the Sokha, a wooden plough)
change for the Priests
- they lost some of their influence over schools in Russia
- they got better educations
Continuity for the Priests
They still had lots of power because they could easily influence the serfs and they gave the Tsar legitimacy
change in the Urban population between 1867 and 1917
7 million in 1867 to 28 million in 1917
what percentage of the population were working in factories by 1914
10%
living conditions for rented houses in St Petersburg
40% of them had no running water and sewage was collected in handcarts
what protections were in place for workers before 1885
None
there were no formal regulations in the workplace
What percentage of the workforce did women make up
20% and they were the lowest paid
What workers rights laws were put in place and when
1885 - Children and Women banned from night-time work
1886 - employment contracts introduced
1892 employment of children under 12 banned
1905 - trade unions made legal
1914 - normal factory hours reduced to 10 per day
How were there changes in Art
- emergence of the avant-garde movement
- notable artists including Kandinsky and Malevich
Changes in literacy and poetry
- there was open criticism of the Tsarist regime
- 60% were literate by 1914
- 1767 newspapers published weekly by 1914
- key figures include Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov
changes in education
- expenditure on primary education increased from 5 million roubles in 1896 to over 82 million roubles by 1914
- by 1911 over 6.5 million children between 8-11 were receiving education
- 69,000 university students by 1914
Changes in culture
- growth of theatre, opera houses, and ballet
- influence of Western cultural trends
- Chagall’s pictures made a shocking contrast to convention
Changes in role of women
- emergence of Women’s rights movements
- In December 1908 first all-Russian congress of women was attended by 1035 delegates and campaigned for female enfranchisement
- 45% of university students by 1914 were women
- Women got more financial independence from factory jobs
How did society stay the same
- still 40% illiterate by 1914
- in 1911, only 30,000 peasants were enrolled in secondary education
- traditionalism and patriotism was still clear in Russia as soldiers marched into WW1 carrying banners of the Tsars face
