What do bases do?
the disassociate and produce OH- ions
What do acids do?
they ionize and produce H+ ions
What’s a neutralization reaction?
a reaction between an acid and base that produces a salt and water
(the pH is closer to 7)
What’s a titrant?
the known solution in the buret
What’s titration?
a lab procedure where you add solution from a buret into a sample
~ using the known volume & concentration of a titrant to find the unknown concentration of the sample
What’s the end point
the point in titration at which a sharp change in property occurs (ex. colour change)
What’s the equivalence point?
the point in titration where the amount of titrant is just enough to react with all the reactant in the sample
Whats the parts per million formula
mass of solute / mass of solution x 10^6
Whats the parts per billion formula
mass of solute / mass of solution x 10^9
explain the intermolecular forces between solutions
- like polarity substances dissolve each other
- polar solvents dissolve polar solutes (dipole-dipole)
- non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes
How does temperature affect solubility for solids and gases?
- as temperature increases, solubility of solids also increases
- as temperature increases, solubility of gases decreases
Describe some characteristics of bases
- taste bitter and feel slippery
- have a pH over 7
- turn red litmus paper blue
- neutralize acids
- produce OH- ions
- dissociate (separation of ions)
What’s a strong base?
a base that dissociates 100% in an aqueous solution
Whats a weak base
a base that ionizes poorly
~ only a small percentage of the base molecules ionize
Describe some characteristics of acids
- pH under 7
- turn blue litmus paper red
- ionize and produce H+ ions
- taste sour
- neutralize bases
~ react with active metals to produce hydrogen gas
~ react with carbonates to produce carbon dioxide gas
Whats a strong acid
an acid that ionizes almost completely (>99%)
whats a weak acid
an acid that ionizes partially (under 50%).
~ this means that the ions there are also molecules
Whats the percentage ionization
the amount of molecules that forms ions in a solution
What is qualitative analysis
analysis that identifies elements, ions, or compounds in a sample
What is the flame test
qualitative analysis that uses the colour that a sample produces in a flame to identify the metal ion(s) in the sample
Whats an example of a weak acid
acetic acid, citric acid
whats an example of a weak base
ammonia, copper hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide
What’s an electrolyte
compounds in aqueous solutions that conduct electricity; highly soluble ionic compounds
~ ex. fruit juices, cleaning solutions
