ELECTROCHEMISTRY CLASS 12 NCERT > Solutions > Flashcards

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1
Q

Define stoichiometry.

A

The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions.

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2
Q

What is the mole concept?

A

A mole is 6.022 x 10^23 particles of a substance.

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Avogadro’s number is ______.

A

6.022 x 10^23

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4
Q

True or false: Limiting reactants determine the amount of product formed.

A

TRUE

The limiting reactant is consumed first in a reaction.

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5
Q

Define enthalpy.

A

The total heat content of a system at constant pressure.

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6
Q

What does ΔH represent?

A

The change in enthalpy during a reaction.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Exothermic reactions release ______.

A

heat energy

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8
Q

True or false: Endothermic reactions absorb heat.

A

TRUE

Examples include photosynthesis and melting ice.

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9
Q

Define catalyst.

A

A substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being consumed.

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10
Q

What is equilibrium in chemistry?

A

The state where the rates of forward and reverse reactions are equal.

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Le Chatelier’s principle states that a system at equilibrium will ______.

A

shift to counteract changes.

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12
Q

True or false: Acids donate protons in a reaction.

A

TRUE

According to the Bronsted-Lowry theory.

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13
Q

Define base.

A

A substance that accepts protons or donates hydroxide ions.

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14
Q

What is a pH scale?

A

A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: A neutral solution has a pH of ______.

A

7

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16
Q

True or false: Buffers resist changes in pH.

A

TRUE

Buffers are usually weak acids or bases.

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17
Q

Define oxidation.

A

The loss of electrons or increase in oxidation state.

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18
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons or decrease in oxidation state.

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: In redox reactions, oxidation and ______ occur simultaneously.

A

reduction

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20
Q

True or false: Electrolytes conduct electricity in solution.

A

TRUE

They dissociate into ions when dissolved in water.

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21
Q

Define saturated solution.

A

A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature.

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22
Q

What is solubility?

A

The maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in a solvent.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: Solubility product constant is represented as ______.

A

Ksp

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24
Q

True or false: Colligative properties depend on the number of solute particles.

A

TRUE

Examples include boiling point elevation and freezing point depression.

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25
Define **chemical kinetics**.
The study of the rates of chemical reactions.
26
What factors affect **reaction rates**?
Concentration, temperature, surface area, and catalysts.
27
Fill in the blank: **Activation energy** is the energy required to ______.
start a reaction.
28
True or false: **Catalysts** lower activation energy.
TRUE ## Footnote They provide an alternative pathway for the reaction.
29
Define **organic chemistry**.
The study of carbon-containing compounds and their properties.
30
What is a **hydrocarbon**?
An organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
31
Fill in the blank: **Alkanes** are saturated hydrocarbons with ______ bonds.
single
32
True or false: **Alkenes** contain at least one double bond.
TRUE ## Footnote They follow the general formula CnH2n.
33
Define **functional group**.
A specific group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
34
What is an **isomer**?
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures.
35
Fill in the blank: **Alcohols** contain a ______ group.
hydroxyl (-OH)
36
True or false: **Carboxylic acids** have a -COOH group.
TRUE ## Footnote They are weak acids found in many organic compounds.
37
Define **esterification**.
The reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid to form an ester.
38
What is **polymerization**?
The process of combining small molecules to form a larger molecule, or polymer.
39
Fill in the blank: **Addition reactions** involve the ______ of unsaturated compounds.
addition of atoms or groups
40
True or false: **Substitution reactions** replace one atom or group in a molecule.
TRUE ## Footnote Common in aromatic compounds.
41
Define **thermodynamics**.
The study of energy changes in chemical reactions.
42
What is the **first law of thermodynamics**?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.
43
Fill in the blank: The **second law of thermodynamics** states that entropy ______.
always increases.
44
True or false: **Entropy** measures disorder in a system.
TRUE ## Footnote Higher entropy means greater disorder.
45
Define **chemical equilibrium**.
The state where the concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
46
What is a **dynamic equilibrium**?
A state where reactions occur at equal rates in both directions.
47
Fill in the blank: In a **closed system**, matter cannot ______.
enter or leave.
48
True or false: **Catalysts** affect the position of equilibrium.
FALSE ## Footnote Catalysts only speed up the attainment of equilibrium.
49
Define **redox reaction**.
A reaction involving the transfer of electrons between species.
50
What is an **oxidizing agent**?
A substance that gains electrons and is reduced in a reaction.
51
Fill in the blank: A **reducing agent** ______ electrons.
loses
52
True or false: **Oxidation states** help track electron transfer.
TRUE ## Footnote They indicate the degree of oxidation of an atom.
53
Define **nomenclature** in chemistry.
The system of naming chemical compounds.
54
What is **IUPAC**?
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, responsible for chemical nomenclature.
55
Fill in the blank: The **prefix** for a carbon chain with five carbons is ______.
pent-
56
True or false: **Stereoisomers** have the same connectivity but different spatial arrangements.
TRUE ## Footnote Includes geometric and optical isomers.
57
Define **kinetic molecular theory**.
A theory that explains the behavior of gases in terms of particle motion.
58
What is **Charles's law**?
The volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature at constant pressure.
59
Fill in the blank: **Boyle's law** states that pressure and volume are ______.
inversely related.
60
True or false: **Gases** have a definite shape and volume.
FALSE ## Footnote Gases take the shape and volume of their container.
61
Define **solution**.
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
62
What is a **solvent**?
The substance that dissolves the solute in a solution.
63
Fill in the blank: In a **dilute solution**, the concentration of solute is ______.
low
64
True or false: **Concentration** measures how much solute is present in a solution.
TRUE ## Footnote It is often expressed in molarity.
65
Define **precipitation reaction**.
A reaction that results in the formation of an insoluble product.
66
What is **solubility product**?
The equilibrium constant for a saturated solution of a sparingly soluble salt.
67
Fill in the blank: The **common ion effect** decreases solubility due to ______.
the presence of a common ion.
68
True or false: **Hydrolysis** involves the reaction of a salt with water.
TRUE ## Footnote It can lead to changes in pH.
69
Define **chemical bond**.
A lasting attraction between atoms that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
70
What is an **ionic bond**?
A bond formed through the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
71
Fill in the blank: A **covalent bond** involves the ______ of electron pairs.
sharing
72
True or false: **Metallic bonds** involve a sea of delocalized electrons.
TRUE ## Footnote They contribute to the conductivity of metals.
73
Define **molecular geometry**.
The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule.
74
What is **VSEPR theory**?
A model used to predict the geometry of molecules based on electron repulsion.
75
Fill in the blank: **Hybridization** involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form ______.
new hybrid orbitals.
76
True or false: **Dipole-dipole interactions** occur between polar molecules.
TRUE ## Footnote They are stronger than London dispersion forces.
77
Define **intermolecular forces**.
Forces of attraction or repulsion between neighboring molecules.
78
What are **London dispersion forces**?
Weak intermolecular forces arising from temporary dipoles in molecules.
79
Fill in the blank: **Hydrogen bonds** occur between hydrogen and ______.
highly electronegative atoms.
80
True or false: **Surface tension** is a result of cohesive forces in liquids.
TRUE ## Footnote It causes liquid surfaces to behave like a stretched membrane.
81
Define **colloid**.
A mixture where tiny particles are dispersed throughout a medium.
82
What is a **suspension**?
A heterogeneous mixture where particles settle over time.
83
Fill in the blank: A **solution** is a ______ mixture.
homogeneous
84
True or false: **Emulsions** are mixtures of two immiscible liquids.
TRUE ## Footnote Examples include oil and water mixtures.
85
Define **chromatography**.
A technique for separating mixtures based on differential affinities.
86
What is **distillation**?
A separation process that relies on differences in boiling points.
87
Fill in the blank: **Filtration** separates solids from liquids using a ______.
filter medium.
88
True or false: **Crystallization** is a method to purify solid compounds.
TRUE ## Footnote It involves the formation of solid crystals from a solution.
89
Define **spectroscopy**.
The study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
90
What is **mass spectrometry**?
An analytical technique used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
91
Fill in the blank: **Infrared spectroscopy** detects ______ vibrations.
molecular
92
True or false: **NMR** stands for nuclear magnetic resonance.
TRUE ## Footnote It is used to determine molecular structure.
93
Define **thermochemistry**.
The study of heat changes during chemical reactions.
94
What is **enthalpy of formation**?
The change in enthalpy when one mole of a compound is formed from its elements.
95
Fill in the blank: The **heat of reaction** is the change in ______.
enthalpy during a reaction.
96
True or false: **Calorimetry** measures heat changes in physical and chemical processes.
TRUE ## Footnote It uses a calorimeter for measurements.
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