What are the parameters of an appropriate solvent?
- liquid must completely dissolve all substances at desired concentration
- be nontoxic and safe for ingestion/topical application
- be aesthetically acceptable (appearance, aroma, texture, taste)
What is the definition of a solution?
a thermodynamically stable, one-phase system composed to two or more components. One of which is completely dissolved in the other
What are the advantages of a solution?
- homogeneous
- easily absorbed into body
- flexible in dose adjustment
- many routes of administration
What are the disadvantages of solutions?
- less stable
- some drugs are not soluble
- need masking for bad taste
- heavier and bulkier for shipping
- patient has to measure it*****
What are the routes of administration for solutions?
- oral
- parenteral
- opthalmic
- topical
What does an excess of alcohol do to a syrup?
- it will cause the sugar to precipitate
What is the importance of qs ad?
- volumes are not additive
- this allow the correct volume to be added
What does “like dissolves like” mean when talking about solubility?
- materials with similar structures will dissolve more sufficiently
How do polar groups affect solubility?
- the more polar groups, the better the solubility.
- polar groups will hydrogen bond with water molecules
How do halogens affect solubility?
- will reduce the solubility
- will increase weight without increasing polarity
- reduces water solubility
How is purified water obtained?
- distillation
- reverse osmosis
- ion exchange
How is water for injections prepared?
- distillation OR reverse osmosis
- must have no pyrogens
- must be sterile
What alcohol is used for pharmaceutics?
ethanol
What are the alcohol level for certain ages?
12 = 10%
- there are exceptions
What 2 substances should never be in a pharmacy?
- methanol
- ethylene glycol
What can be used as a substitute for alcohol?
- propylene glycol
- glycerin
What are elixirs?
- clear, sweetened, hydroalcoholic
- lower sugar level, so might taste like shit due to the alcohol
- maintain water-soluble and alcohol-soluble ingredients in solution
What are tinctures?
- alcoholic and hydroalcoholic
- 15-80% alcohol
- precipitation of ingredients due to high alcohol levels
What are aromatic waters?
- clear aqueous solutions saturated with volatile oils
What are spirits?
- similar aromatic waters but contain alcohol
- can be used as flavoring agents
What are collodions?
- pyroxylin dissolved in a solvent
- external use
- applied to skin, evaporates quickly and leaves a film on skin
- contains kerolytic substances (for warts)
What are syrups?
- vehicle containing sucrose, NO MEDS
- contains 85% sucrose in purified water
What is syrup NF?
simple syrup
What can replace sucrose in a syrup?
- glycerin
- sorbitol
- propylene glycol
